Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present studies were directed to determine whether peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) affects expression of the gastrin and somatostatin genes and whether such effects may be functionally linked. In separate experiments, the effects of PHI on medium gastrin and somatostatin concentrations, the incorporation of 35S-labelled amino acids into newly synthesized gastrin and somatostatin, and steady state gastrin and somatostatin mRNA were determined. PHI inhibited basal expression of the gastrin gene at all levels examined, while no significant effect on basal somatostatin gene expression could be detected. PHI also decreased carbachol-stimulated antral gastrin release and simultaneously increased somatostatin release. However, in contrast to its structural analogues, secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide, the immunoneutralization of endogenous somatostatin by the administration of specific antibodies did not affect significantly the capacity of PHI to inhibit gastrin release into the culture medium stimulated by carbachol. The results of these studies indicate that PHI exerts a physiological inhibitory effect on antral gastrin cells and that this inhibition may occur at several steps along the biosynthetic pathway. In addition, unlike its structural analogues, PHI inhibition of carbachol-stimulated gastrin release is not functionally linked to its stimulatory effects on somatostatin release.
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PMID:The effects of peptide histidine isoleucine on antral gastrin and somatostatin. 135 64

The occurrence and distribution of an array of neuropeptides and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the circumvallate papillae of monkey, pig, cow, ferret, cat, rat and mouse was studied by immunocytochemistry. The animals were chosen to represent species with different diets. Substance P/neurokinin A- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing fibers were numerous in the circumvallate papillae of all animals examined, with the highest frequency in monkey, pig, cow, rat and mouse; in ferret and cat moderate numbers were detected. Vasoactive intestinal peptide/peptide histidine isoleucine amide-containing fibers were numerous in the circumvallate papillae of pig, while they were moderate in number in monkey, ferret and mouse. Neuropeptide Y-containing fibers were few to moderate in number in the circumvallate papillae of all species. Galanin-containing fibers were numerous in the pig circumvallate papillae, while only a few fibers could be detected in monkey, cow, cat, rat and mouse. Somatostatin-containing fibers were seen only in the cat circumvallate papillae, gastrin-releasing peptide-containing fibers in the cow and cat, cholecystokinin/gastrin-containing fibers in the pig and cow. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-containing fibers were detected in all animals studied. They were few to moderate in number in the circumvallate papillae. There was no obvious link between the peptidergic innervation pattern and the food habits.
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PMID:Peptide-containing nerve fibers in the circumvallate papillae. 169 15

The levels of 10 regulatory peptides in acid-alcohol extracts of three regions of the small intestine (0-20%, 30-60%, and 70-100%, with respect to distance from the pylorus) have been monitored radioimmunometrically in sham-infected male (6-8 week old) C57 mice and mice given a 5-cysticercoid infection of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and autopsied 10 days postprimary infection and 5 days postsecondary infection (administered 28 days postprimary infection). The regulatory peptides examined were gastrin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), glucagon (= enteroglucagon), motilin, neurotensin (NT), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), somatostatin (SRIF), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Statistical analyses revealed significant deviations from control values of five of the peptides (enteroglucagon and SP, both elevated; NT, PHI and VIP, all lowered) in intestinal tissue from infected mice; measurement of the same peptides in colonic extracts revealed no significant differences between infected and sham-infected mice. Parallel changes in peptide levels between normal infected and immunosuppressed infected mice were not evident, although elevations in the tissue levels of enteroglucagon and SP were found in infected Wistar rats (normal host). Results are discussed with respect to a peptidergic involvement in the pathology and host immune response to an intestinal tapeworm.
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PMID:Hymenolepis diminuta: changes in the levels of certain intestinal regulatory peptides in infected C57 mice. 171 77

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which appears to act as a circadian clock, contains a subpopulation of local circuit neurons in which vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), and gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) are colocalized. To determine whether VIP, PHI, and GRP interact within the SCN to produce a signal important for circadian control, the behavioral and cellular effects of coadministration of these neuropeptides were investigated. Coadministration of VIP, PHI, and GRP within the SCN mimicked the phase-delaying effects of light on circadian control following in vivo microinjection and activated SCN single units recorded in vitro. These behavioral and cellular effects of coadministration of VIP, PHI, and GRP were significantly greater than administration of VIP, PHI, or GRP alone or coadministration of any 2 of these peptides. These data illustrate a new mechanism whereby multiple, colocalized neuropeptides interact in a functionally significant manner, and indicate that the interaction of VIP, PHI, and GRP may be involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms by the SCN.
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PMID:Interaction of colocalized neuropeptides: functional significance in the circadian timing system. 200 63

The ileocaecal junctions of 5 horses and 2 donkeys were examined by using antisera to the following peptides: somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Antisera to somatostatin, neurotensin and NPY demonstrated endocrine cells in the ileal- and caecal parts of the ileocaecal junction, while immunoreactivity for glucagon was demonstrated in endocrine cells of the ileal part only. Nerve cell bodies showing immunoreactivity to SP, VIP, CGRP and PHI were demonstrated in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses and were associated with small blood vessels in the submucosa of all the regions tested. Ramified nerve fibres in the submucosa immunoreactive to SP, VIP, CGRP and PHI extended to the mucosa and to small blood vessels in the submucosa. Nerve fibres showing immunoreactivity to SP, VIP and PHI extended to the circular smooth muscle layer of the ileocaecal junction.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of various peptide-containing endocrine cells and neurones at the equine ileocaecal junction. 233 94

The gastrointestinal tract of cartilaginous fishes, like that of higher vertebrates, is known to contain endocrine cells and nerves immunoreactive for a wide variety of peptides, some of which have been structurally characterised. Since we have found that substance P-, bombesin- and peptide histidine isoleucine-like immunoreactivities are similarly distributed in the endocrine cells of the dogfish pyloric stomach, we have tried to establish whether any of these peptides are co-localised. The cells were compared in thin serial sections with both light- and electron microscopical immunocytochemistry. Double immunolabelling was also used to show two immunoreactive peptides in the same tissue section. Further characterisation of the immunoreactivity was attempted by preabsorbing the antibodies with various peptides or synthetic fragments of peptide molecules. Immunoreactivity for all three peptides was frequently present in the same cells, whereas antibodies to other peptides such as gastrin and somatostatin marked different cells. Electron microscopy indicated that all the secretory granules in three morphologically different cell types reacted with antibodies to all three peptides. Dual localisation of unrelated peptides in endocrine cells or nerves is established in many cases, but triple localisation is as yet unusual. The immunoreaction for bombesin-like peptides is different in endocrine cells and nerves, indicating that dogfish bombesin may be present in two forms, in agreement with biochemical evidence.
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PMID:Co-localisation of substance P-, bombesin- and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI)-like peptides in gut endocrine cells of the dogfish Scyliorhinus stellaris. 247 70

The autonomic nervous system includes, side by side with the sympathetic and parasymathetic systems, a third, non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic system called NANC. The mediators in this system are peptides acting as neurotransmitters, i.e. neuropeptides. The NANC system has two components: bronchodilator and bronchoconstrictor. The bronchial relaxant system, called non-adrenergic inhibitory system, has several neurotransmitters, viz.: vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), isoleucine histidine peptide (IHP) and methionine histidine peptide (MPH), all derived from a common precursor: pre-pro VIP. MHP has been described in man and IHP in some animal species. VIP relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle, is vasodilator and exerts cellular effects in phagocytes, lymphocytes and mast cells. VIP receptors are present on cells. The other component, called non-cholinergic excitatory system, has tachykinins as neuromediators, including substance P, neurokinins A and B, neuropeptide K and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP). Substance P contracts the bronchi, increases mucus secretion, dilates vessels and also exerts cellular effects in lymphocytes and phagocytes. Tachykinins act through receptors 3 types of which are now known: NK 1, NK 2 and NK 3. Other neuropeptides have been isolated, including galanin, neuropeptide Y, bombesin, gastrin releasing peptide, enkephalins and katacalcin. The coexistence, in pre- and post-synaptic positions, of the conventional mediators (noradrenaline, acetylcholine) and neuropeptides leads to the concept of co-transmission and makes the notion of nerve impulse transmission more complex. The development of neuropeptide agonists and antagonists opens new therapeutic prospects in the management of asthma.
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PMID:[Neuropeptides and respiratory diseases: prospects in the treatment of asthma]. 257 26

The occurrence and distribution of peptide-containing nerve fibers to the cerebral circulation are described. Immunocytochemical studies have revealed that cerebral blood vessels are invested with nerve fibers containing neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In addition, there are studies reporting the occurrence of putative neurotransmitters such as cholecystokinin, dynorphin B, galanin, gastrin releasing peptide, vasopressin, neurotensin, and somatostatin. The nerves occur as a longitudinally oriented network around large cerebral arteries. There is often a richer supply of nerve fibers around arteries than veins. The origin of these nerve fibers has been studied by retrograde tracing and denervation experiments. These techniques, in combination with immunocytochemistry, have revealed a rather extensive innervation pattern. Several ganglia, such as the superior cervical ganglion, the sphenopalatine ganglion, the otic ganglion, and small local ganglia at the base of the skull, contribute to the innervation. Sensory fibers seem to derive from the trigeminal ganglion, the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex, and from dorsal root ganglia at level C2. The noradrenergic and most of the NPY fibers derive from the superior cervical ganglion. A minor population of the NPY-containing fibers contains VIP instead of NA and emanates from the sphenopalatine ganglion. The cholinergic and the VIP-containing fibers derive from the sphenopalatine ganglion, the otic ganglion, and from small local ganglia at the base of the skull. Most of the SP-, NKA-, and CGRP-containing fibers derive from the trigeminal ganglion. Minor contributions may emanate from the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex and from the spinal dorsal root ganglia. NPY is a potent vasoconstrictor in vitro and in situ. VIP, PHI, SP, NKA, and CGRP act via different mechanisms to induce cerebrovascular dilatation. The sympathetic, the parasympathetic, and the sensory systems appear to be involved in modulating cerebrovascular tone in hypertension and in conditions of threatening vasoconstriction, e.g., subarachnoid hemorrhage and migraine.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in the cerebral circulation. 270 77

The present studies were directed to determine whether peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), like its structural analogues secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide, inhibits antral gastrin. In separate experiments, the effects of PHI on medium gastrin concentrations, the incorporation of [35S]methionine into newly synthesized gastrin, and steady-state gastrin mRNA were determined. The inclusion of PHI in the incubation medium decreased medium gastrin levels at all concentrations examined, an effect that was not altered by the addition of 10(-6) M tetrodotoxin to the medium. PHI also inhibited the incorporation of [35S]methionine into newly synthesized gastrin in a concentration-dependent manner. Steady-state levels of gastrin mRNA were determined by dot-blot hybridization, using a 32P-labeled gastrin cRNA probe. PHI inhibited gastrin mRNA levels in a concentration-dependent manner; in contrast, no effect on the levels of actin and ubiquitin mRNA could be detected, indicating specificity of PHI on gastrin mRNA. The results of these studies indicate that PHI may exert a physiological inhibitory effect on antral gastrin cells and that this inhibition may occur at several steps along the biosynthetic pathway.
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PMID:Inhibition of antral gastrin cells by peptide histidine isoleucine. 278 6

Bombesin/gastrin releasing peptide-like immunoreactivity (BLI) is found in the majority of small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL) cell lines examined. Because BLI is present in high concentration in SCCL we studied the mechanism of BLI secretion from several SCCL cell lines and in patients with SCCL. In cell line NCI-H345 the structurally related polypeptide hormones secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and peptide histidine isoleucine as well as theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, N6,O2'-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate, a cyclic nucleotide analogue, increased BLI release by 16-120% and cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate by 36-350%. Similar results were obtained in SCCL cell line NCI-H209. i.v. injection of secretin (2 units/kg) significantly increased plasma BLI in 2 patients with extrapulmonary SCCL. These data suggest that SCCL cells possess receptors for secretin/vasoactive intestinal peptide and that receptor occupation stimulates in vitro and in vivo BLI secretion.
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PMID:Secretin/vasoactive intestinal peptide-stimulated secretion of bombesin/gastrin releasing peptide from human small cell carcinoma of the lung. 300 12


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