Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Highly selective vagotomy (HSV) or sham operation was performed in male rats. Fifteen weeks later bone mineralization, fractional intestinal absorption and balance, urinary excretion, and serum levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, together with serum gastrin, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D metabolites, osteocalcin, isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase, and the urinary excretion of cyclic AMP and hydroxyproline were assessed. HSV induced chronic hypergastrinemia and enhanced the weight of the fundus, antrum, and pancreas. Body weight, food intake, intestinal absorption, mineral balance, and bone mineralization were unaffected by HSV, whereas serum parathyroid hormone levels and urinary hydroxyproline excretion were increased. It is concluded that in the rat 1) HSV has a trophic effect on gastric and extragastric tissues; 2) gastric acid production is not a major determinant of intestinal calcium absorption; and 3) normal bone mass in the presence of signs of hyperparathyroidism indicates an intrinsic capacity of HSV to interfere with calcium metabolism, probably via hypergastrinemia, gastrin being an element of the gastro-parathyroid axis. Our present findings underscore the fact that osteopenia after HSV in man may be a rare finding, but it cannot be ruled out that bone disease found after partial or total gastrectomy may be due in part to concomitant vagotomy.
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PMID:Highly selective vagotomy in the rat: effects on bone and mineral metabolism. 820 82

Chemically biotin-labeled oligonucleotides form attractive reagents, as large quantities of stable and well-defined probes can easily be produced. Their usefulness for in situ hybridization was tested using rat gastrin cells as a model. Two probes recognizing two different regions of rat gastrin mRNA were synthesized and produced specific and equally strong hybridization signals. A probe complementary to human gastrin mRNA, but with mismatches to the rat gastrin mRNA sequence, failed to reveal rat gastrin cells under the stringency conditions used. Northern blotting revealed that the rat gastrin mRNA probes reacted exclusively with the appropriately sized (approximately 650 bases) mRNA. Model systems demonstrated that the hybridization signal, as revealed by alkaline phosphatase-based detection, varied linearly with the 10logarithm of target concentration and also showed that a new detection system was much more sensitive than previously used systems. In agreement with previous biochemical data, image analysis showed that starvation of rats led to a progressive decrease in cell staining intensities and cell numbers. Double staining for rat gastrin mRNA and gastrin immunoreactivity showed that in adult rats almost all gastrin cells expressed both mRNA and protein. Similar studies on developing rat gastrin cells revealed discrepancies between gastrin mRNA and gastrin-immunoreactive cells during the first week of newborn life. Subsequently, expression of mRNA and protein in the cells became gradually more concordant.
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PMID:Sensitive detection of rat gastrin mRNA by in situ hybridization with chemically biotinylated oligodeoxynucleotides: validation, quantitation, and double-staining studies. 841 57

The histological change of the biliary mucosa in clonorchiasis is characterized as adenomatous hyperplasia, and cross-sectioned mucosa looks like intestinal mucosa. In addition to the glandular hyperplasia, the metaplasia of mucin secreting cells is also known. The present study investigated the presence of intestinal secretion from the biliary mucosal cells of rabbits and rats with Clonorchis sinensis infection. The rabbit was infected with 300 and the rat was infected with 100 metacercariae of C. sinensis. A part of the animals were followed up after praziquantel treatment. The rabbit livers were prepared for histochemistry to observe any endocrine secretion and the bile duct mucosa of the mice was processed for the activity of brush border membrane (BBM)-bound enzymes of the small intestine. Immunohistochemistry with the polyclonal antibodies and biotin-streptavidin-peroxidase staining kit showed no positive cells for gastrin and secretin, but a few cells were positive for serotonin. The proliferated biliary mucosa of the mice revealed no activity of disaccharidases and aminopeptidase. Only alkaline phosphatase activity was found both in the control and the infected. The hyperplastic biliary mucosal cells showed no gastrointestinal secretory functions. The serotonin secreting cells may be one of the inflammatory cells.
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PMID:Secretions of the biliary mucosa in experimental clonorchiasis. 851 95

Liver regeneration after omeprazole (OMP) or famotidine (FAM) administration was examined in 66% hepatectomized rats. The regeneration was evaluated by the liver weight as a percentage of body weight (LRR) and the proportion of hepatocytes in mitosis per 1,000 counts (MI). Administration of OMP 0.4 mg/kg per day for 3 or 7 days suppressed LRR and MI 3 and 7 days after hepatectomy. However, the administration of FAM 0.8 mg/kg per day for 3 or 7 days did not change either LRR or MI. Increased gastrin levels in the blood were seen only after OMP administration. The food intake was unchanged by OMP or FAM, but FAM increased water intake. The liver functional score, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase in the blood all increased with OMP, but FAM had no apparent effect on the hepatic or renal function. These observations suggest that a large dosage of OMP suppresses liver regeneration, while FAM appears to have no meaningful effect on regeneration.
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PMID:The liver regenerative response elicited by antisecretory agents in partially hepatectomized rats: a comparison between omeprazole and famotidine. 855 1

Receptors for the bombesin family of peptides are present on human and guinea pig respiratory tract submucosal glands and mediate glandular exocytosis. The effects of gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), neuromedin B (NMB), the amphibian skin peptides ranatensin and phyllolitorin and bombesin antagonists were assessed in the guinea pig nasal mucosal secretion model vivo, GRP induced significant total protein and alkaline phosphatase secretion with half maximal responses at 1 and 10 nM, respectively. NMB induced a larger percent change in alkaline phosphatase secretion than GRP with a half maximal response at less than 1 nM NMB. GRP-induced secretion was antagonized by three bombesin-like peptide analogs: BIM-26028, BIM-26187 and BIM-26226. Total protein secretion induced by 100 nM GRP was reduced 50% by BIM-compounds at concentrations of 1 to 3 nM, although BIM-26226 was even more potent on alkaline phosphatase secretion. BIM-26226 (1 nM) reduced the effects of increasing doses of GRP and NMB, Ranatensin and phyllolitorin did not stimulate any secretion. mRNA for GRP receptors, NMB receptors, bombesin receptor subtype 3, GRP and NMB were detectable in human nasal mucosal samples. These and previous data suggest that: 1) GRP is a more potent secretagogue of total protein than NMB and bombesin, 2) NMB is more potent at stimulating alkaline phosphatase, 3) ranatensin and phyllolitorin are not secretagogues, 4) BIM-26226 is a potent GRP and NMB antagonist, 5) these compounds do not alter basal secretion, suggesting that GRP and NMB do not play active roles stimulating tonic secretion in this model and 6) GRP, and potentially NMB, released from nerves or other sites may act on GRP receptor, NMB receptor or bombesin receptor subtype 3 to induce glandular secretion in respiratory mucosa.
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PMID:Effects of bombesin family peptides and antagonists on guinea pig nasal mucosal secretion. 878 59

A 9-year-old male German Shepherd Dog was presented with the primary complaints of vomiting, profuse watery diarrhea, anorexia, and severe weight loss. The dog developed hematemesis and melena, which were unresponsive to treatment with an H2-receptor antagonist and a gastrointestinal protectant. A marked neutrophilia, panhypoproteinemia, hypokalemia, and mildly increased activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase were the only relevant abnormalities found on a CBC, serum biochemical profile, and urinalysis. An exploratory laparotomy revealed several small nonresectable masses at the root of the mesentery, which were identified histologically as a neuroendocrine neoplasm. Immunohistochemical staining of the neoplasm was positive for gastrin and negative for insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Fasting serum gastrin concentrations were high. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was diagnosed, and the dog was treated with omeprazole, an H+,K(+)-ATPase inhibitor. All clinical signs resolved, and the dog remains asymptomatic 2 years later. Omeprazole may be the gastric acid antisecretory drug of choice for dogs with gastrinoma.
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PMID:Omeprazole in a dog with gastrinoma. 947 Jan 66

The bone mineral density (BMD) and the associated extracellular status of mineral and acid-base metabolism were evaluated in 11 males, 3-18 years after total gastrectomy (GX). In the lumbar spine, but not in the femoral neck, BMD was decreased in seven, normal in three, and falsely high in one individual. Relative to the limits of normalcy, fasting serum levels of gastrin were low, but normal for calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D, while the level of total alkaline phosphatase was elevated; fasting urine pH and calcium were low, while phosphorus and net acid were high. Regression analyses revealed serum gastrin and phosphorus, and urinary net acid as possible predictors of BMD. It was concluded that over the long-term GX evokes low BMD, but not hyperparathyroidism and deranged vitamin D metabolites. Future studies may focus on gastrin, parathyroid hormone-independent hyperphosphaturia and disturbed acid-base metabolism as indicators of a new extra-cellular equilibrium of minerals.
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PMID:Low bone mineral density after total gastrectomy in males: a preliminary report emphasizing the possible significance of urinary net acid excretion, serum gastrin and phosphorus. 1051 Jul 32

This retrospective study aimed at determining the prognostic significance of neuroendocrine markers chromogranin A (CgA), pro-gastrin releasing peptide (ProGRP) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), together with the cytokeratin 19 marker CYFRA 21-1 in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). A total of 148 histologically proven and previously untreated SCLC patients were included. Among them 118 patients received a cisplatin-etoposide combination or cisplatin-etoposide-cyclophosphamide-4'-epidoxorubicin combination. All tumour markers were tested using immunoradiometric assays except for ProGRP which was tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The thresholds for marker serum titrations were 53 pg/ml, 65, 17, and 3.6 ng/ml for ProGRP, CgA, NSE and CYFRA 21-1 respectively. Univariate analysis showed that patients affected by one of the following characteristics proved to have a significant shorter survival in comparison with the opposite status of each variable: age over 63 years, extensive-stage, serum LDH level higher than 600 U/l, serum NSE level higher than 17 ng/ml, serum CgA level higher than 65 ng/ml and serum CYFRA 21-1 level higher than 3.6 ng/ml. In addition, there was a trend towards a statistical significance for a high serum alkaline phosphatase level and a performance status equal to or worse than two. The following variables were independent determinants of a poor outcome: a poor performance status (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.51 [1.02-2.22]), a high CgA level (HR: 1.61 [1.06-2.45]), a high CYFRA 21-1 level (HR: 2.10 [1.40-3.14]) and an age older than 63 years (HR: 1.68 [1.14-2.48]). When the multivariate analysis was restricted to patients receiving a cisplatin-etoposide-based chemotherapy, the same variables were prognostic determinants with nearly similar hazard ratios. In conclusion, aside classical variables such as age and performance status, high serum CYFRA 21-1 and high serum CgA level in SCLC are both prognostic determinants of prognosis, in particular in patients receiving conventional chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin and etoposide-based combinations.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine and cytokeratin serum markers as prognostic determinants of small cell lung cancer. 1258 64

Ischaemia and reperfusion are known to induce gastric lesions, predominantly due to excessive formation of reactive oxygen metabolites, adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells, microvascular dysfunction, gastric acid secretion, endogenous histamine and gastrin release. We have studied the effect of (+)-catechin on a gastric ulcer model involving damage to gastric injury by ischaemia- reperfusion (I/R) in rats. (+)-Catechin 50 mg kg(-1)administered orally, once daily for three days after the initiation of I/R injury showed a significant (P<0.001) anti-ulcer activity against mucosal dam- age. However, (+)-catechin significantly decreased the lipid peroxidation and increased the level of catalase in the I/R condition. Elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase in the I/R group was significantly lowered (P<0.01) by (+)-catechin. The amount of H(+)K(+)ATPase was significantly decreased (P<0.001) in (+)-catechin-treated as compared with I/R rats. (+)-Catechin significantly decreased elevated plasma histamine (P<0.05) and corticosterone (P<0.05). The results suggested that (+)-catechin protected gastric mucosa against ischaemia-reperfusion-induced gastric ulcers by its antioxidant activity and mucus protection.
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PMID:Protective effect of (+)-catechin against gastric mucosal injury induced by ischaemia-reperfusion in rats. 1772 52

Radiation-induced injury may occur in various incidents as well as the terrorist radiation exposure scenario. The digestive tract is among the most radiosensitive organs in the body and its function, which is partly regulated by gastrointestinal (GI) peptides, can be affected by radiation exposure. However, very little is known about the effect of whole-body radiation on blood GI peptides. The aim of this study therefore was to determine the effect of whole-body radiation on circulating levels of GI peptides in the rat. To study this, rats were exposed to 5-Gy whole-body gamma radiation. They were then euthanized at 1, 2, 4, or 8 days after irradiation. Plasma levels of cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, gastrin, and ghrelin were determined using specific enzyme immunoassays. Serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and lactate were also measured. Our results showed that whole-body irradiation significantly decreased plasma CCK levels by 57% and 54% at 1 and 2 days after irradiation (P<0.05), respectively. At 4 and 8 days after irradiation, plasma CCK levels returned to normal. Similarly, plasma levels of secretin decreased by 48% at 2 days after irradiation (P<0.05), and returned to normal at 8 days after irradiation. In contrast, there was no significant change in plasma levels of gastrin and ghrelin after irradiation. No significant differences were observed in ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, or lactate. In conclusion, whole-body radiation exposure alters blood GI peptides especially the ones that were produced in the small intestine, such as CCK and secretin. The diverse response of the GI peptides to irradiation could be due to a difference in radiosensitivity in different regions of the GI tract.
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PMID:The effect of whole-body radiation on blood levels of gastrointestinal peptides in the rat. 1907 78


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