Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Gastric acid outputs after glucose injection into the nucleus of the vagus nerve (X) or into the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (SOL) were examined in rats with tetragastrin. The enhanced acid output caused by gastrin was partially inhibited by glucose injection into the X or SOL. Glucose injection into the X depressed acid output in a dose-dependent fashion, but a non-dose-dependent response in acid output was seen when glucose was injected into the SOL. There was no interaction between the X and SOL in acid response due to glucose. These findings suggest that glucose modulates gastric acid secretion stimulated by gastrin at the medullary level, and that such a modulation is characterized by the medullary X or SOL, separately.
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PMID:Enhanced gastric acid secretion induced by gastrin can be suppressed partially by glucose injection into the medullary nuclei in rats. 146 97

In children with chronic renal failure (CRF) anorexia, nausea, and vomiting are common yet poorly understood symptoms. We studied oesophageal and gastric motor function in 12 children (age 7 months-6.8 years) with severe CRF not undergoing dialysis who had persistent anorexia and vomiting. Eight of 12 patients had significant gastro-oesophageal reflux (reflux index 5.2% to 21.9%, mean 11.3%; controls < 5%), 7/10 had altered gastric half emptying times (T1/2) for 5% glucose or milk (glucose meal--controls: 8-14 min, two CRF patients: 18-25 min; milk meal--controls: 48-72 min, five CRF patients 27, 28, 82, 83, and 110 min). Gastric antral electrical control activity was abnormal in 6/11 patients, with different types of gastric dysrhythmias whereas the remainder and controls showed a regular dominant frequency of 0.05 Hz. In 7/9 patients fasting serum gastrin concentration was raised (53 to > 400, mean 168 pmol/l, controls < 40 pmol/l). All CRF patients with anorexia and vomiting had one or more disorder of foregut motility. The nature and variety of the motor disorders and the raised concentrations of circulating gastrin suggest that the normal environment generated by CRF affects the function of the smooth muscle of the foregut.
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PMID:Foregut motor function in chronic renal failure. 147 84

The dynamics of hormonal secretion was studied in relation with the development of an ulcer defect in rats with acetate-induced gastroduodenal ulcer after Okabe. The formation of the ulcer was accompanied by increased gastrin, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, and histamine secretion and reduced glucose tolerance. The level of intragastric pH reduced, the activity of proteolytic enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract increased. Correlation analysis bore evidence for the contribution of gastroenteropancreatic hormones to the compensatory-adaptational responses, whereas with a higher blood cortisol level the surface of the ulcer defect was larger. Oral mineral water (Essentuki No. 17) promoted the secretion of gastrin, glucagon, and insulin and the experimental ulcers grew smaller in this case. The involvement of the hormonal factors in the mechanisms of the development of experimental acetate-induced ulcer is discussed.
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PMID:[Hormonal mechanisms of pathogenesis and cure of experimental gastroduodenal ulcer by the Okabe technique]. 148 Apr 22

This randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of intravenous infusion of octreotide (a synthetic long-acting somatostatin analogue) with vasopressin in 48 cirrhotic patients with endoscopically proven bleeding esophageal varices. Twenty-four patients received a continuous infusion of octreotide 25 micrograms/h for 24 h after an initial bolus of 100 micrograms and another 24 patients received a continuous infusion of vasopressin 0.4 U/min for 24 h. Bleeding was initially controlled after 6 h of drug infusion in 88% (21/24) and 54% (13/24) of the patients treated with octreotide and vasopressin respectively (p = 0.03). Complete control of bleeding after 24 h of drug infusion was achieved in 15 (63%) patients receiving octreotide and in 11 (46%) patients receiving vasopressin (p > 0.05). Side effects during drug infusion such as headache, chest pain and abdominal pain were significantly lower in the octreotide group (3/24) than in the vasopressin group (11/24). Serum gastrin and insulin levels fell significantly following octreotide infusion, but plasma glucose levels remained unchanged. Mortality related to bleeding esophageal varices was no different between the two groups. This report showed that octreotide infusion was more effective and had fewer side effects than vasopressin in initial controlling of acute esophageal variceal bleeding until an elective endoscopic sclerotherapy could be performed.
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PMID:A randomized controlled trial comparing octreotide and vasopressin in the control of acute esophageal variceal bleeding. 148 8

The effects of 48 days of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats on plasma concentrations of gastrin, somatostatin, pancreatic glucagon, and enteroglucagon have been assessed. In addition, neuroendocrine changes in sections of gastric mucosa were quantified using a computer-assisted morphometric system following immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal antibodies directed against gastrin, PGP 9.5 (a neural protein), and somatostatin. Diabetes resulted in significantly increased fasting plasma concentrations of somatostatin, and entero- and pancreatic glucagon. In contrast, lower plasma gastrin concentrations and decreased antral G-cell density were noted in diabetic rats. Gastric somatostatin and neuronal PGP 9.5 stain densities were unaltered by diabetes. Stomachs of diabetic rats weighed less, but both the jejunum and ileum showed evidence of mucosal hyperplasia. The gastric neuroendocrine atrophy observed in diabetes may be a consequence of elevated plasma somatostatin derived from nongastric sources. The enhanced growth of the intestinal mucosa may be related, directly or indirectly, to raised intraluminal glucose concentration in diabetes.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine changes in rat stomach during experimental diabetes mellitus. 156 19

The effect of continuous intraduodenal enteral nutrition on gastric pH was compared with the effects of fasting and of parenteral and standard nutrition control regimens containing equal amounts of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid. Eleven healthy volunteers underwent four 24-hour intragastric pH-metry studies; serum glucose, calcium, immunoreactive insulin and gastrin levels were determined during fasting and enteral and parenteral regimens. Median 24-hour gastric pH during enteral nutrition (group median pH 1.4) was lower than during parenteral nutrition (pH 1.9; P = 0.0039 vs. enteral) but was not different from fasting (pH 1.4) or standard nutrition (pH 1.6) values. Median 24-hour serum glucose levels during enteral nutrition (group median, 4.8 mmol/L) were higher than during fasting (4.0 mmol/L; P = 0.00098 vs. enteral) and lower than during parenteral nutrition (5.3 mmol/L; P = 0.0039 vs. enteral). Median 24-hour serum insulin levels during enteral nutrition (group median, 22.9 mU/L) were higher than during fasting (group median, 9.2 mU/L; P = 0.00098 vs. enteral) but similar to levels during parenteral nutrition (23.3 mU/L). Neither median 24-hour gastrin levels nor calcium levels were affected by any nutrition regimen. Thus, continuous enteral nutrition produces gastric pH values similar to those seen with fasting or standard nutrition, suggesting that, under most physiological conditions, gastric acidity is subject to close feedback control. Parenteral nutrition increases gastric pH, suggesting that systemic nutrients may influence this feedback mechanism.
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PMID:The effect of continuous enteral nutrition on gastric acidity in humans. 156 60

Since the Roux-en-Y anastomosis prevents the sequela of postoperative enterogastric reflux after gastrectomy, this approach has been advocated as the primary procedure in patients undergoing gastrectomy for peptic ulcer. We have prospectively followed for 2 years 22 patients, in whom gastrectomy was performed with, at random, either Roux-en-Y (n = 11) or Billroth II (n = 11) anastomosis. Two of the 11 patients who had received the Roux-en-Y procedure had anastomotic ulcers, leading to reresection in one of them. These two patients were found to have the highest values for basal and pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid output. After the Billroth II procedure a single patient had a small anastomotic ulcerative lesion. Apart from differences in intragastric bile acids (p less than 0.0001) and the gastritis activity score (p less than 0.01), no significant differences were found between the patients with Roux-en-Y and Billroth II anastomosis with respect to basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion, basal, postprandial and bombesin-stimulated serum gastrin secretion, serum pepsinogen A and C concentrations, the serum pepsinogen A/C ratio, postprandial glucose, and for a modified Visick grading. From this small series we conclude that, as compared with the Billroth II-anastomosis, the Roux-en-Y procedure effectively prevents enterogastric reflux, and is associated with a higher gastritis activity score, but not with differences in gastric acid, gastrin, pepsinogens, or Visick grading. Furthermore, inadequate reduction of acid secretion in some patients after the Roux-en-Y procedure may lead to recurrent peptic ulcers.
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PMID:Short-term results of gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y or Billroth II anastomosis for peptic ulcer. A prospective comparative study. 156 1

The secretion of pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones in the basal state and after nutrient stimuli (50 g glucose, 50 g protein, or 30 g triglyceride administered on separate occasions) was assessed in ten previously type-1-diabetic patients after successful combined kidney and pancreas transplantation (systemic venous drainage). Fasting values were compared to matched non-diabetic kidney-transplanted patients and related to kidney function (endogenous creatinine clearance) and to the type and dosage of immunosuppressive medication. In the fasting state, only IR insulin concentrations were higher in pancreas-kidney-transplanted patients (by 88%; P = 0.001) than in the kidney graft recipients. There were significant inverse correlations of plasma C-peptide, GIP, and gastrin immunoreactivity to endogenous creatinine clearance (kidney function). In response to nutrients, insulin secretion (IR insulin, C-peptide) was significantly stimulated by glucose, and - to a lesser degree - also by protein. Pancreatic glucagon was suppressed by glucose and stimulated by protein ingestion. GIP was raised after glucose and triglyceride more than after protein (P = 0.0003). GLP-1 immunoreactivity was stimulated by all nutrients, with a tendency towards higher responses to protein and fat (P = 0.06). Gastrin was mainly raised by protein. In conclusion, the overall pattern of pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormone release is normal in patients after combined pancreas-kidney-transplantation, but there are some peculiarities due to (a) systemic venous drainage of the pancreas graft (elevated fasting IR insulin) and (b) impaired kidney function (negative correlation of fasting plasma values to endogenous creatinine clearance for C-peptide, GIP, and gastrin).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Basal and nutrient-stimulated pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormone concentrations in type-1-diabetic patients after successful combined pancreas and kidney transplantation. 160 Mar 30

The present study was designed to examine the role of electrode position during retrograde pacing in dogs with short bowel syndrome and unsevered intact duodenum. In nine beagle dogs a subtotal resection of the small bowel and jejunoileostomy was performed. In five of these dogs, an isolated blind loop (jejunum) with preserved mesenteric connections was left in situ as an additional place for a stimulation electrode. Small intestinal motility and plasma levels of insulin, glucagon, gastrin, somatostatin, and glucose were examined during pacing of the residual jejunum or the isolated loop, respectively, compared with control experiments in the same dogs without pacing. During pacing of the loop a significant (P less than 0.05-0.01) decrease in the postprandial small intestinal motility index was observed combined with a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in plasma insulin levels, whereas the postprandial increase in glucagon, somatostatin, gastrin, and glucose levels was not different from that in controls. In contrast, pacing of the jejunum increased postprandial small intestinal motility index (less than or equal to 68%), whereas the levels of the four hormones and plasma glucose were not different from those in controls. The data suggest that in dogs with intact duodenum, pacing on an excluded loop is required to obtain the desired effect of reduced intestinal motility and improved anabolic pancreatic hormone secretion.
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PMID:Effect of enteric pacing on intestinal motility and hormone secretion in dogs with short bowel. 167 85

Previous studies in the isolated perfused rat stomach have shown that elevated glucose and insulin concentrations modulate BLI and somatostatin release during arterially administered peptidergic stimuli. In the present study the effect of elevated levels of glucose or insulin was examined on vagally induced changes of gastrin, somatostatin and BLI secretion. The lumen of the stomach was perfused with saline pH 7 or pH 2. Vagal stimulation (5 Hz, 1 msec, 10V) increased gastrin and BLI secretion and inhibited somatostatin release. The increase of the perfusate glucose concentration from 100 mg/dl to 150 or 300 mg/dl or the addition of insulin (100 microU/ml) augmented vagally stimulated gastrin release at luminal pH 7 but not pH2. Vagally induced inhibition of somatostatin was attenuated by both concentrations of glucose at either luminal pH while insulin had no effect. BLI secretion was affected neither by elevated glucose nor by insulin. On the other hand, the noncholinergic component of vagally induced BLI secretion in the presence of atropine was augmented by insulin. These data demonstrate that glucose and insulin can modulate vagally activated gastric neuroendocrine functions which could be of relevance during the ingestion of carbohydrate containing meals.
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PMID:The effect of glucose and insulin on vagally induced gastrin, bombesin-like immunoreactivity and somatostatin secretion from the perfused rat stomach. 167 78


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