Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty mucinous cystadenocarcinomas of the pancreas, most of which occurred in the tail of the pancreas in middle-aged women, were examined histologically and by immunohistochemical stains. Thirteen tumors displayed a marked histological heterogeneity and expressed intestinal differentiation as shown by the colonic appearance of the glands both at the light- and electron-microscopic levels. Other intestinal features included varying numbers of goblet cells, argyrophil and argentaffin cells, and even Paneth cells. By immunohistochemistry, endocrine cells were present in 13 of the 20 tumors (65%) and were more numerous in the poorly differentiated than in the well-differentiated epithelial component of the tumors. Serotonin-containing cells were the most common endocrine cells, followed by somatostatin-containing cells and cells that showed immunoreactivity for pancreatic polypeptide and gastrin. However, none of the patients had clinical manifestations of carcinoid, somatostatinoma, or the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The findings support the hypothesis that mucinous cystadenocarcinomas of the pancreas arise from an "endodermal stem cell" that differentiates into cells with intestinal phenotypes.
 ...
PMID:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Morphologic and immunocytochemical observations. 378 55

Systematic detection of endocrine cells was performed in two genital tracts from patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). These tissues proved to be particularly rich in endocrine cells. The specialized cells were distributed in the cervix and fallopian tubes. In the cervix, they were confined to remarkable mucinous tumors related to "adenoma malignum." Serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin, and pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactive cells were characterized. In fallopian tubes, serotonin-storing cells and somatostatin cells were detected respectively among normal-appearing and mucinous areas of tubal epithelium; in addition, serotonin-storing cells were found in many mesonephric rests. This strongly contrasts with the usual paucity of endocrine cells in the female genital tract. However, none of the findings mentioned was really specific of PJS. In particular, endocrine cells seem to be an integral constituent of adenoma malignum, with or without PJS. These findings suggest a disturbance of tissular differentiation.
 ...
PMID:Female genital tract and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: an immunohistochemical study. 390 86

In nonrestrained dogs that had not been given chemicals and that were in the fasted and fed state, gastroesophageal sphincter pressure (GESP) was measured; results were compared with GESP induced in the same dogs by drugs that modified activity at cholinergic, adrenergic, histaminic, and gastrin receptors. Atropine reduced GESP from 38.5 +/- 1.3 (mean +/- SE) and 55.5 +/- 2.0 mm of Hg to 11.3 +/- 2.0 and 14.5 +/- 2.4 mm of Hg in fasted and fed dogs, respectively. Histamine induced phasic contractions that were not affected by anticholinergics or cimetidine. Iphenhydramine eliminated the phasic contractions and reduced GESP to 18.2 +/- 3.9 mm of Hg. In fed dogs, diphenhydramine reduced GESP to 37.0 +/- 2.5 mm of Hg, but cimetidine did not. Pentagastrin induced increases in GESP that were inversely related to basal GESP. Pentagastrin given during histamine infusion eliminated histamine-induced phasic contractions. In fed dogs, metoclopramide increased GESP from 48.8 +/- 4.0 mm of Hg to 76.0 +/- 4.0 mm of Hg; this increment was eliminated by diphenhydramine. Administration of atropine after metoclopramide reduced GESP the same as for dogs given atropine alone. An adrenergic amine with only alpha-adrenergic effects induced phasic contractions, and an adrenergic amine with only beta-adrenergic effects reduced GESP. Blockers of alpha and beta effects did not change GESP in fed dogs. Domperidone induced phasic contractions that were eliminated by feeding. Serotonin increased GESP. Canine GESP may be maintained in fed dogs by chemicals interacting with cholinergic, histaminic, gastrin, and serotonin receptors, but not by chemicals interacting with adrenergic receptors.
 ...
PMID:Effect of gastrin, histamine, serotonin, and adrenergic amines on gastroesophageal sphincter pressure in the dog. 403 95

The distribution and quantification of enteroendocrine cells exhibiting immunoreactivities to nine peptides and one amine were examined in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the adult opossum using specific immunocytochemical methods. In the stomach, 90% of the enteroendocrine cells are confined to the pyloric glands and this region contained 73% of the gastrin-containing cells, 60% of the somatostatin-containing cells and 9% of cells reactive for 5-HT. Enteroendocrine cells showing immunoreactivities to glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin and 5-HT were observed scattered within the oxyntic glands. Only somatostatin and 5-HT positive cells were found in the cardiac glands. Immunoreactivities to CCK, glucagon, gastrin, BPP, somatostatin, secretin, motilin, neurotensin, GIP and 5-HT were observed in the epithelium of the small intestine. Although considerable variation exists in the distribution of individual enteroendocrine cell types along the intestinal tract, nearly equal numbers of enteroendocrine cells were observed in each segment. The percentage of enteroendocrine cells increases distally in the colon. Of the three enteroendocrine cell types present, somatostatin- and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells are evenly distributed, whereas neurotensin-immunoreactive cells increase in numbers distally, resulting in an increase in total number.
 ...
PMID:Quantitative distribution of enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the adult opossum, Didelphis virginiana. 407 99

As part of a project to identify the endocrine cells ("EC" and "APUD" series) of the gastroenteric apparatus of ruminants, the ultrastructure of the mucosa of the pyloric glands of adult ox was studied morphologically and cytochemically, in parallel with a light microscope histochemical analysis. The results show that: the "EC" cells (producing 5-HT) are recognizable by their secretory granules which are heavily osmiophilic, argentaffin ("Masson") and argyrophilic ("Grimelius"). A further distinction is possible on the basis of their morphological features: the ""EC" cells of the gastric type (which belong to the "ECn" group) contain granules fairly homogeneous in shape and size, while the "EC" cells of the intestinal type (or "EC1") show granules which are more pleiomorphic and variable in size. Of particular interest is the presence in some cells of granules typical of the "EC" cells of the intestinal type, in the vicinity of a few others, which appear quite similar to those of the adjoining exocrine cells; the "G" cells (gastrin producing) contain medium sized granules, which are unreactive to "Masson" and poorly argyrophilic. Their morphology is rather diverse; some of them (these are the "typical" cells) have a granular and weakly electron dense content, others (which we consider "atypical") show a homogeneous and heavily osmiophilic core, with an eccentrical empty area. Also present are granules whose appearance is intermediate and empty vesicles; the "D cells" (somatostatin producting) show round, medium sized granules which have a granular, moderately osmiophilic core, tightly encircled by the membrane. These granules are unreactive to "Masson" and to "Grimelius"; the "D1" cells (whose function is yet unclear) contain small, round granules whose core is variously but discretely electron dense and not always homogeneous; they are unreactive to "Masson" and fairly argyrophilic. These granules may be numerous and packed, or scarce; in this latter instance the few granules are intermingled with variously running tufts of parallel filaments, thus resembling the "P" cells, whose function is still undefined. These data show therefore that the types of endocrine cells we have identified in the pyloric glands of adult ox correspond to those described in other mammals; "X" and "F" or "PP" cell appear to be lacking.
 ...
PMID:The endocrine cells of the pyloric glands of adult ox. 610 98

The antral and fundic regions of the stomachs from 24 human fetuses were examined by immunocytochemistry for the presence of three regulatory peptides (gastrin, somatostatin, and glucagon) and one amine (serotonin (5-HT)) in the epithelial endocrine cells. Gastrin- and somatostatin-containing cells were present at the earliest stage examined (8 weeks). Gastrin cells were restricted to the antrum, while somatostatin cells were found in both the antrum and the fundus. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected from 10 weeks and were confined to the fundus. Serotonin-containing cells were found in both the antrum and the fundus from 11 weeks. Changes in the number of immunoreactive gastrin and somatostatin cells during gestation were quantified. The increase in the number of cells/mm length of vertically sectioned mucosal epithelium best reflects the change in cell population. The peptides and amine studied were found to be contained in separate cell types. Electron microscopic examination of the peptide-containing cells showed that the fetal cells contain granules of similar morphology to their adult counterparts.
 ...
PMID:The ontogeny of regulatory peptide-containing cells in the human fetal stomach: an immunocytochemical study. 613 42

The influence of exogenous serotonin on the secretion of gastric somatostatin and gastrin was investigated under in vitro conditions using an isolated, vascularly perfused rat stomach preparation. Serotonin stimulated gastrin release, maximal effects were observed at 10(-6) M which increased gastrin levels by 78%; on the contrary, somatostatin secretion was inhibited (maximal inhibition of 56% at 10(-6) M). Changes in hormone secretion in response to serotonin were reversed by combined blockade of 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors by methysergide and blockade of 5-HT2 receptors by ketanserin (10(-5) and 10(-6) M, respectively), and of cholinoreceptors by atropine (10(-5) M). It is concluded that in rats in vitro serotonin inhibits release of gastric somatostatin and stimulates gastrin secretion via specific serotonin receptors but muscarinic cholinergic receptors are also involved.
 ...
PMID:Serotoninergic control of somatostatin and gastrin release from the isolated rat stomach. 615 May 15

The motricity of the anterior intestine of Chaetopterus variopedatus was investigated using extracellular electrodes, force displacement transduction and a pharmacological approach. Rhythmic bursts of impulses were associated with peristaltic waves; the latter were not abolished by removal of the ventral nerve cord which caused a drop in tonus. Acetylcholine induced a contracture and an increase in the frequency of peristaltic waves; these effects were potentiated by eserine and reduced by atropine. Similar responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline were antagonized by propranolol and phentolamine in partially different manners. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) induced large, picrotoxin-sensitive contractures but failed to change the rate of peristalsis. Serotonin (5-HT) produced a short-term increase in the rate of peristalsis as well as a slight contracture, and a long-term inhibition of peristalsis, all actions antagonized by methysergide. The response to GABA was reduced or abolished during the inhibitory phase of the 5-HT effect. A tetrapeptide related to cholecystokinin/gastrin induced contractures and accelerated peristalsis at a concentration as low as 2.5 X 10(-13) M. It is concluded that multiple neurotransmitter pathways may modulate gut motricity by acting on the peristalsis pacemaker as well as on neuromuscular transmission mechanisms.
 ...
PMID:Neuromuscular pharmacology of the anterior intestine of Chaetopterus variopedatus, a filter-feeding polychaete. 615 65

The intestinal carcinoid tumors of 26 patients were stained for the presence of serotonin, gastrin, somatostatin, motilin, secretin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, ACTH, and neurotensin. Argentaffin and argyrophil stains were also performed in all cases. Thirty-five separate tumors (counting metastases and multiple primaries) from the 26 patients were studied. Serotonin was present in 30 of the 35 tumors. Nineteen tumors contained serotonin only. Fourteen tumors contained multiple neuroendocrine products. One tumor contained gastrin only. One tumor did not stain immunohistochemically, but was argyrophilic. Metastatic deposits were studied in nine patients. Some metastases produced the identical neuroendocrine products as the primary tumor, whereas others produced either additional or fewer hormones than the primary tumor. Moreover, different metastases from the same primary tumor were observed to produce different hormones. Argyrophilic cells were present in all cases and were much more numerous than cells staining by immunohistochemistry. Argyrophilic cells probably contain monoamines and polypeptide hormones in addition to those studied in this series. The argyrophil stain was the best general stain in this study for the demonstration of neuroendocrine cells. Argentaffin staining was negative in ten cases that were serotonin positive and two argentaffin positive cases were serotonin negative. The carcinoid syndrome, as clinically defined by the presence of flushing and diarrhea, was noted in five patients, all of whom had serotonin-containing small bowel carcinoids. Endocrine-related symptoms were not clinically appreciated in the remaining patients.
 ...
PMID:The neuroendocrine products of intestinal carcinoids. An immunoperoxidase study of 35 carcinoid tumors stained for serotonin and eight polypeptide hormones. 618 28

Antisera raised against serotonin, gastrin, somatostastin, motilin, bombesin, calcitonin, secretin, glucagon, ACTH, neurotensin, and pancreatic polypeptide carboxyterminal hexapeptide were employed to immunohistochemically stain seven pulmonary carcinoids. Argentaffin and argyrophil stains were also performed on all cases. Serotonin-like immunoreactivity was present in four tumors, pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in four tumors, bombesin-like immunoreactivity in two tumors and ACTH-like immunoreactivity in one tumor. The cells shown to contain neuroendocrine products constituted a minority cell population in all tumors except the ACTH-immunoreactive tumor. This study suggests that pulmonary carcinoids, like their abdominal counterparts, contain a variety of neuroendocrine products, and may produce more than one neuroendocrine product. Serotonin and pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity were the most prevalent neuroendocrine products demonstrable in this study.
 ...
PMID:Pulmonary carcinoids. Immunohistochemical demonstration of brain-gut peptides. 619 55


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>