Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several gastrointestinal hormones have been found in the intestinal lumen, but as yet their physiologic role is not yet clear. We have previously shown in anesthesized animals that electrical vagal stimulation provokes simultaneous intraluminal release of serotonin (5-HT) and substance P (SP). The aim of this study was to investigate if a physiologic stimulus, a meal, releases 5-HT, SP, and gastrin (G) into the canine jejunum. In 10 dogs, chronic jejunal Thiry-Vella loops were perfused with saline (37 degrees C) before and after: a test meal; atropine, 0.2 mg/kg intravenously before the meal; atropine alone at the same dose; propanolol, 0.5 mg/kg intravenously before the meal; and propanolol alone at the same dose. Effluent perfusates and peripheral blood samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay for concentrations of 5-HT, SP, and G. Large amounts of all three humoral agents were found intraluminally during the interdigestive period. The meal resulted in increased circulating levels of 5-HT, SP, and G, while intraluminal concentrations of 5-HT and SP but not G increased following the meal. Both atropine and propanolol pretreatment significantly reduced this response, while alone, these drugs did not affect basal values. We postulate that 5-HT and SP released into the intestinal lumen in response to a meal act as local neurocrine/paracrine modulators. Their release mechanisms appear to be under both cholinergic and adrenergic control.
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PMID:Intraluminal release of serotonin, substance P, and gastrin in the canine small intestine. 243 90

The cellular and nervous elements of the bullfrog taste organ were examined by immunohistochemical methods using various antibodies. The immunoreactivity for spot 35 protein, a soluble protein isolated from bovine cerebellum, was found in numerous taste cells located at the middle or slightly lower levels within the gustatory cell layer. The immunoreactive cells possessed cytoplasmic processes rising upward the free surface and also issued branched processes to the base of the epithelium. The immunoreaction for spot 35 protein was found diffusely throughout the cytoplasm from the apical to the basal parts of the taste cells. NSE-immunoreactive taste cells were located at the upper or middle levels within the gustatory cell layer in the taste organ. The fact that the cells were smaller in number and size than spot 35 protein-reactive cells and further differed in localization distinguished the NSE-taste cells from the spot 35 protein cells. Serotonin-like immunoreactivity was detectable in the basal cells localized at the base of the taste epithelium. The immunoreactive cells were arranged in a circle at the periphery of the taste organ, each extending a slender process toward the center. The terminal portion of this process spread leaf-like; numerous fine projections protruded from its margin. The serotonin-immunoreactive cells appear to coincide with the monoamine-containing basal cells, which have been previously reported. Substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-, peptide HI (PHI)- or gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers with varicosities were demonstrated within the taste organ. Some substance P-fibers ran along the bottom of the taste organ epithelium. A few thinner substance P-fibers ascended among the epithelial cells of the organ and terminated closely below the free surface. CGRP-fibers were found to correspond to substance P-fibers from their evidencing a double immunostaining. VIP- and PHI-fibers formed a meshwork in the basal area of the taste epithelium. Abundant substance P- and/or CGRP-fibers formed a meshwork among the ciliated cells located at the periphery of the taste organ. However, PHI- and GRP-fibers were detected less than substance P- and/or CGRP-fibers, though VIP-fibers were rarely present in the same region. Neurofilament protein- or tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities were found in thick nerve fibers in the taste organ, whereas no immunoreactivities were present in cellular elements within the taste organ. The relationship between cellular and nervous elements in the taste organ was examined by double immunostainings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of cellular and nervous elements in the taste organ of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. 245 88

During the last years, several important advancements have been made that are of importance for our understanding of the distribution and localization of neurons and cells producing TRH-LI. As detailed in other chapters in this volume, the precursor for TRH has been characterized that has allowed production of antibodies raised against specific sequences of this precursor. This, in turn, has provided new tools for the immunohistochemical elucidation of TRH systems in the CNS. The TRH precursor has also been cloned, leading to possibilities for studying the localization of TRH mRNA with in situ hybridization. Finally, as shown in this paper, improvement of the fixation technique has made it possible to visualize extensive TRH-immunoreactive cell body and fiber systems with antiserum raised against the TRH tripeptide. The results from the latter studies and those with antisera directed to the TRH precursor and in situ hybridization are in good agreement, with some minor exceptions. It should be pointed out that some of the systems described here, for example TRH positive-cell bodies in cortical areas and the hippocampal formation, contain only a very weak immunoreactivity. As always with immunohistochemical techniques, the possibility of crossreactivity with TRH-like peptides or TRH-like sequences within larger proteins must be considered. The present results confirm the presence of TRH-LI in the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas, which with the improved technique can be demonstrated also in early adulthood in rats and guinea pigs. Moreover, it could be established that TRH-LI is present in neurons in the gastrointestinal tract as well as in a population of endocrine cells in the antrum of the stomach of the guinea pig. These cells seem at least partly to be identical to the well-known gastrin-producing cells. TRH-LI has been observed to occur in neurons already containing a classical transmitter and/or other peptides. Of particular importance here seems to be a descending bulbospinal system that in addition to TRH co-contains 5-HT, substance P-LI, galanin-LI, human growth hormone immunoreactive material, and proctolin-like material. The significance of this coexistence is not well understood, but interesting interactions have been observed. Attempts to manipulate the TRH phenotype in these medullary neurons by transplantation to other sites in the brain has so far shown that the expression of this peptide seems fairly stable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Distribution of TRH-like immunoreactivity with special reference to coexistence with other neuroactive compounds. 249 89

Human endocrine tumours were studied in in vitro systems (cell suspensions and tissue cultures) and in in vivo systems (tumour transplants to the anterior eye-chamber of immunosuppressed rats). In the experimental systems the tumour cells were demonstrated to synthesize and secrete the same hormonal products as in the patient. Intraocular transplants of a gastrinoma secreted gastrin-17 into the chamber fluid. This molecule, normally not secreted in the rat, was also detected in the peripheral plasma of tumour-bearing rats. Intraocular transplants of midgut carcinoid tumours released serotonin (5-HT) at adrenoceptor stimulation, of a similar type as demonstrated in acute tumour cell suspensions. However, in tissue cultures genuine beta-adrenoceptors seemed to be modified, since pretreatment with beta-adrenoceptor antagonists or calcium deprivation did not prevent stimulated 5-HT release. Tachykinins were not liberated by adrenoceptor stimulation. In certain cultures of midgut carcinoid tumour cells, two different phenotypes developed: small rounded endocrine tumour cells with positive immunoreactions against 5-HT and tachykinins (TK), and large elongated neuron-like cells, which gradually lost 5-HT immunoreactivity, while TK immunoreactivity remained unchanged. These cultured tumour cells may produce an endogenous factor inducing transformation into a neuron-like phenotype. One candidate factor is nerve growth factor (NGF), since NGF-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in cells of the endocrine phenotype.
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PMID:Expression of gastrointestinal endocrine tumours in culture systems. 251 Jul 85

The gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) endocrine system of three reptiles, Testudo graeca, Mauremys caspica, and Lacerta lepida, was investigated by means of immunocytochemistry. Single and double immunostaining methods have demonstrated immunoreactivity for insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), somatostatin, serotonin, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in endocrine cells of the pancreas of the reptiles studied. Islet-like structures with insulin-immunoreactive (IR) cells surrounded by glucagon-IR cells were observed only in the splenic portion of the pancreas of M. caspica. Occasionally, somatostatin- and PP-IR cells were associated with glucagon-containing cells. Endocrine cells were also observed in the excretory ducts of the exocrine glands. Serotonin, bombesin, neurotensin, gastrin, glucagon, somatostatin, PYY, and insulin were demonstrated immunocytochemically in open-type GEP cells of the digestive tract of the animals studied. Serotonin, somatostatin, and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were the most abundant endocrine cell types. In L. lepida, PP- and peptide tyrosine tyrosine-immunoreactive cells were also frequently observed. Cells containing cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide, met- and leu-enkephalin, motilin, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide could not be detected. The present work demonstrates that the reptilian GEP endocrine system is a complex structure containing most of the regulatory peptides similar in structure to those found in higher vertebrates.
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PMID:Comparative immunohistochemical study of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system of three reptiles. 257 25

Using the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Imaging Technique", the author has been able to accurately localize meridians and acupuncture points that correspond to specific internal organs and has found that most general patterns of meridians and the number of acupuncture points on each of the meridians of specific internal organs of the 12 main internal organs described in the literature of ancient Chinese medicine, are more or less correct, with the exception of some variations and inaccuracies. Each meridian of specific internal organs was found to be connected to the organ representation area in the cerebral cortex of specific internal organs. The acupuncture point has an area and occupies 3-dimensional space. It has a circular or slightly oval boundary with diameter in the range of 3 mm to 2.7 cm, although 6-12 mm are the most common diameters in human adults, with the exception of the area outside the corners of the nailbeds of the fingers and toes. Using the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Molecular Identification Method", the author also found that within the boundary of most acupuncture points and meridian lines (including Heart, Stomach, and Triple Burner) were high concentrations of neurotransmitters and hormones, including Acetylcholine, Methionine-Enkephalin, Beta-Endorphin, ACTH, Secretin, Cholecystokinin, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, and GABA. On all these meridian lines, in addition to the above neurotransmitters and hormones, Dopamine, Dynorphin 1-13, Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and VIP were found, but the latter do not usually exist within the boundary of the acupuncture point with the exception of the center midline of the acupuncture point where the meridian line is situated. Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Cholecystokinin appeared in either one of the above 2 patterns, depending on the individual. Usually, no significant amounts of these neurotransmitters and hormones were found at the surrounding area outside of meridian and acupuncture points. However, the essential amino acid L-Tryptophan (which is a precursor of Serotonin), was usually found outside of the boundary of the acupuncture point and the meridian but not within the boundary of the acupuncture point and the meridian. Wherever Serotonin appeared, L-Tryptophan disappeared significantly and when the Serotonin disappeared, L-Tryptophan reappeared. In addition to the above common neurotransmitters and hormones, the Heart meridian had additional Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in both the meridian and its acupuncture points. Similarly, the Stomach meridian had additional Gastrin in both the meridian and its acupuncture points. Likewise,the Triple Burner meridian had additional Testosterone (in the male) and Estrogen (especially Estriol and Estradiol in the female.
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PMID:Connections found between each meridian (heart, stomach, triple burner, etc.) & organ representation area of corresponding internal organs in each side of the cerebral cortex; release of common neurotransmitters and hormones unique to each meridian and corresponding acupuncture point & internal organ after acupuncture, electrical stimulation, mechanical stimulation (including shiatsu), soft laser stimulation or QI Gong. 257 47

According to "Spleen-Stomach" theory, the effect of Jianpi Yiqi prescription (JPYQ) was observed clinically and studied experimentally. 168 cases manifested as Spleen-Qi ( ) deficiency including chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer (84 cases), chronic glomerulonephritis (44 cases) and vomitus gravidarum-edema of pregnancy (40 cases) were treated with JPYQ. Estimation were made based on their clinical conditions. Serum gastrin, serum cholyglycine, blood acetylcholine and cholinesterase, blood 5-HT and histamine were measured before and after treatment. The overall effective rate was 92.9% in gastritis and peptic ulcer group, 86.3% in nephritis group and 100% in pregnancy group respectively. A marked increase of serum glycocholic acid level was shown in gastritis and peptic ulcer and vomitus gravidarum groups. That was considered as the result of the secretion of cholic acid by this prescription. Clinical improvement was also obtained in nephritis group accompanying disappearance of albuminuria in 36.4%. Blood level of 5-HT and histamine lowered to some extent and tended to be normal. Besides, this prescription markedly inhibited electric stimulated excitement on isolated longitudinal muscle strip of guinea pig's ileum. The mechanism could be the inhibition of release of acetylcholine from Auerbach's plexus by this prescription.
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PMID:[Clinical and experimental study on the prescription of jianpi yipi]. 259 59

The morphological and functional characteristics of the endocrine cells of the oxyntic (acid-secreting) mucosa of the human stomach, a target of the trophic effect of gastrin, are reviewed. In healthy subjects these cells account for 0.90 +/- 0.35% of the volume of the entire mucosa and for 1.21 +/- 0.44% of the volume of the epithelial mucosal component alone. The cells show no extension to the glandular lumen and show an intimate anatomic relationship with contiguous non-endocrine epithelial cells. This configuration indicates undefined local functions of the paracrine type not influenced by the gastric lumen content. Seven cell types were identified ultrastructurally, three of which (enterochromaffin-like (ECL), P and D) cumulatively account for more than 75% of the total endocrine cell mass. The secretory product(s) of the endocrine cells has not been demonstrated definitively with the exception of minor cell populations producing glucagon (only in the fetal life), somatostatin and 5-HT. Recently, production of histamine and glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit by oxyntic endocrine cells of man have been reported. However, histamine seems to occur in these cells normally, whereas the production of glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit appears to be virtually restricted to cells of patients with hypergastrinaemic conditions.
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PMID:Structure and function of endocrine cells in the oxyntic (acid-secreting) mucosa of human stomach. 269 Mar 28

The distribution and the frequency of occurrence of nine types of gut endocrine cells were revealed using immunohistochemical methods in eight portions from the gastrointestinal tract of the chicken (Gallus gallus var domestica). In the proventriculus, somatostatin- and gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP)-immunoreactive cells were commonly found. Serotonin-, pancreatic glucagon-, and enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells were uncommon. Avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP)-immunoreactive cells were rare. In the gizzard, numerous GRP-, and a small number of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were observed. The pyloric region was characterized by the presence of abundant gastrin-, somatostatin-, and neurotensin-immunoreactive cells. Numerous serotonin-immunoreactive cells were detected in all portions of the intestine. Moderate numbers of neurotensin-immunoreactive cells were detected in all portions of the intestine except for the cecum. A few gastrin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were detected in the duodenum and jejunum. A small number of pancreatic glucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected in the jejunum and ileum. Enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected in the small intestine in increasing numbers forwards the ileum. Motilin-immunoreactive cells were rare in the small intestine.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study on the distribution of endocrine cells in the chicken gastrointestinal tract. 280 Jun 74

Creatine kinase (CK-BB), neuron specific enolase (NSE), ACTH, calcitonin, serotonin and gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) were measured in serum or plasma before and immediately after initiation of treatment in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCC). Pretherapeutic elevated concentrations of CK-BB were found in 82% of extensive disease patients and in 50% of patients with local disease. NSE was raised in 72% with extensive disease versus 14% of patients with local disease. Calcitonin and ACTH were raised in 27% and 28%, respectively, in all patients without significant difference between extensive and local disease patients. Serotonin was generally overall elevated in 10% and GRP in 7% but elevations were seen only in patients with extensive disease. Out of the four most frequently elevated substances at least one marker was elevated in 80% of all the patients, including 91% in extensive stage patients and 71% in limited stage patients. Frequent initial monitoring of the substances showed an increase in the concentrations of pretherapeutic elevated CK-BB and NSE on day 1 or 2 followed by a sharp decrease within 1 week. These changes were correlated to objective clinical response determined within 4-8 weeks. The results indicate that serum CK-BB and NSE are potential markers for SCC at the time of diagnosis and that changes in the concentrations during the first course of cytostatic therapy are promising as biochemical tests for early detection of response to chemotherapy.
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PMID:Early detection of response in small cell bronchogenic carcinoma by changes in serum concentrations of creatine kinase, neuron specific enolase, calcitonin, ACTH, serotonin and gastrin releasing peptide. 284 59


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