Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A sporadic case of the intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma is described. The patient was a comparatively young 33-year-old woman employed as a senior biochemical scientific technologist for several years. The light microscopical pattern was that of a papillary-tubular adenocarcinoma with areas of more solid mucinous elements in the deeper parts of the neoplasm. The neoplasm had invaded the nasal septum and reached the left orbit invading the left ethmoidal sinus. The glands were lined by columnar cells with elongated spindle-shaped nuclei and the cells expressed cytokeratin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), Chromogranin A, gastrin and serotonin but not neurone-specific enolase (NSE) nor synaptophysin. Neurosecretory granules were present. There was no history of wood dust inhalation and her exposure to chemicals is of some interest but had probably little or no role in the causation of this neoplasm.
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PMID:Intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma: a sporadic case. 886 25

Five primary ovarian carcinomas composed of a high-grade neuroendocrine tumor of non-small-cell type and a surface-epithelial-stromal tumor are reported. The five tumors presented in women aged 36 to 77 (mean, 57) years with abdominal distension or a palpable mass in three cases, right lower quadrant pain with tenderness and fever in one case, and a cervicovaginal smear showing a high estrogen effect in one postmenopausal patient. The tumors were unilateral, 9 to 30 (mean, 16) cm in greatest dimension, and had solid and cystic components. Three tumors were stage I; one, stage II; and one, stage III. Two patients who received chemotherapy died of tumor 8 and 36 months postoperatively, another who refused chemotherapy but later received radiation died of tumor after 19 months, a fourth was lost to follow-up, and a fifth was treated recently. Microscopically, the neuroendocrine components of all the tumors were composed predominantly of sheets, closely packed islands, cords, and trabeculae of epithelial cells with little intervening stroma. The tumor cells in the neuroendocrine areas were medium-sized to large compared with the cells of small cell carcinoma, and they contained scanty to moderate amounts of cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei with coarse chromatin clumping in three cases and abundant cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei with single, large eosinophilic nucleoli in the other two. In all the cases, areas of necrosis and single-cell necrosis were extensive, and mitotic figures were abundant. Positive argyrophil and argentaffin reactions were observed in occasional to many cells in all cases. The glandular components of the tumors were grade 1/3 endometrioid adenocarcinoma (one case), grade 2/3 mucinous adenocarcinoma (2 cases), and mucinous borderline tumor with small foci of mucinous adenocarcinoma (two cases). Numerous enterochromaffin cells were identified in hematoxylin and eosin sections of the borderline mucinous components of two tumors; occasional nonargentaffin argyrophilic cells were present in the endometrioid and mucinous carcinoma components. Luteinized stromal cells were present focally in two cases, including the case in which there was evidence of a high estrogen level. Immunohistochemical studies in five cases showed staining of most cells in the solid components for cytokeratin and chromogranin A and some to most cells for serotonin and neuron-specific enolase. Neuropeptides that were detected in the solid component of one or more of the cases included vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, gastrin, and glucagon; negative results were obtained for pancreatic polypeptide and insulin. Flow cytometry in four tumors revealed that the neuroendocrine component was aneuploid in two, suspicious for aneuploidy in one, and diploid in one. Tumors of the type described are distinct pathologically from primary ovarian carcinoid tumors and small cell carcinoma of pulmonary type. Although experience with this type of tumor is limited, the prognosis appears to be poor.
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PMID:Ovarian neuroendocrine carcinomas of non-small-cell type associated with surface epithelial adenocarcinomas. A study of five cases and review of the literature. 888 77

When stomachs are stimulated to secrete acid, the intracellular canaliculi of the parietal cell increase and there is a concomitant depletion of the cytoplasmic tubulovesicular system. This change is believed to occur through the transformation of tubulovesicular membranes into intracellular canaliculi. This study was undertaken to examine the distribution of the cytoskeletons in rat gastric parietal cells during this process. In the resting parietal cells, actin filaments decorated with heavy meromyosin (HMM) were found in the cores of microvilli, extending from the apex of microvilli into the pericanalicular cytoplasm and forming radial networks. In some cases, these actin filaments were also associated with the tubulovesicles. Moreover, tubulovesicular membranes were rare in the 300 nm zone around intracellular canaliculi but numerous actin filaments were seen in this region. Soon after stimulation of the parietal cells by gastrin, tubulovesicles were closely associated with the intracellular canaliculi, while actin filaments networks adjacent to the canaliculi diminished and their labeling with HMM seemed less orderly. By immunocytochemistry, immunogold particles indicating ezrin were associated with microvillous membranes in the resting as well as stimulated parietal cells but were absent on the tubulovesicular membranes. When intermediate filaments were immunocytochemically investigated using anti-cytokeratin immunogold particles clearly labeled filamentous bundles present around the intracellular canaliculi, perinuclear spaces and under the basolateral cell membrane. Their localization was not changed after stimulation. These results suggest that actin filaments in the cytoplasm around the intracellular canaliculi may play a key role in the translocation of the tubulovesicles toward the intracellular canaliculi during the acid secreting process.
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PMID:Localization of cytoskeletal filaments during membrane rearrangement in rat parietal cells stimulated with gastrin. 955 67

The case of a malignant pancreatic endocrine neoplasm with an unusual signet ring cell appearance is reported. The tumor was resected from a 30-year-old man with a 4.0-cm tumor in the body of the pancreas diagnosed by computerized tomographic (CT) scan. The resected tumor had a unique morphology characterized by numerous mucin-negative, signet ring cells, which were argyrophilic and immunoreactive for cytokeratin (CAM 5.2), chromogranin, synaptophysin, neuron specific enolase, and gastrin. Dense-core neurosecretory-type granules and numerous cytoplasmic lamellar inclusions were identified by electron microscopy. These inclusion bodies consisted of multilayered concentric osmiophilic lamellae (myelin figures), which most likely represent an abnormal accumulation of degenerating organelles. Two years later, the patient developed an abdominal recurrence of the tumor, confirming its malignant behavior. This case expands the spectrum of pancreatic endocrine tumors to include an aggressive signet ring cell tumor with a novel ultrastructural basis.
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PMID:Pancreatic endocrine tumor with signet ring cell features: a case report with novel ultrastructural observations. 961 84

The PICM-19 fetal liver cell line was isolated from the primary culture and spontaneous differentiation of pig epiblast cells, i.e. embryonic stem cells. PICM-19 cells were induced to differentiate into mostly ductular formations by culturing at pH 7.6-7.8. The ductules were functionally assayed by treatment with cAMP inducing agents and bioactive peptides reported to influence the secretory activity of liver bile ductules. The secretory response of the cells was assessed by qualitative or quantitative measurement of the cross-sectional area of the ductal lumens and the appearance of biliary canaliculi in between PICM-19 cells that had formed monolayers instead of ducts. Forskolin (10 microM) and 8-bromoadenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (bcAMP; 2 mM) stimulated fluid transport and expansion of ductal structures in 15-20 min and stimulated the appearance and expansion of biliary canaliculi in 30-60 min. Cholera toxin (50 ng/ml) stimulates fluid transport in both ductules and canaliculi in 1-2 h, while 8-bromoguanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (bcGMP; 2 mM) stimulated only biliary canaliculi in 2 h. Glucagon (1.4 nM) produced a similar response in 5-10 min in ductal structures only, but the response was transitory and was almost completely reversed within 30 min. Secretin (100 pM) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (75 pM) produced a sustained response with maximal ductal lumen expansion occurring in 5-10 min and neither had an immediate effect on canaliculi. Somatostatin (0.5 microM) and gastrin (1 microM) caused marked reduction or disappearance of ductal lumens in 30-60 min, but was ineffective in reversing secretin (100 nM)-induced duct distension. Application of the adrenergic agonists, epinephrine, isoproterenol, and phenylephrine (100 microM), resulted in the complete shrinkage of ductal lumens in 20-30 min. A shift to pH 7.0-7.2 resulted in almost complete reduction of ductal lumens, while a shift to pH 7.8-8.0 resulted in expansion, although not full expansion, of the ductal lumens. PICM-19 bile duct cultures were positive for cytokeratin-7, aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-9 by Western blot analysis. The amounts of these proteins increased in the cultures as differentiation proceeded over time. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the ductal structures were usually sandwiched between SIM mouse, thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant (STO) feeder cells that had produced a collagen matrix. Also, the ductular PICM-19 cells possessed cilia, probably occurring as a single cilium in each cell, that projected into the lumens of the ducts. The results indicated that the in vitro-produced ductal structures of the PICM-19 cell line are a functional model for biliary epithelium.
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PMID:The PICM-19 cell line as an in vitro model of liver bile ductules: effects of cAMP inducers, biopeptides and pH. 1209 33

Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the pancreas are rare neoplasms whose morphologic features generally mirror those seen in neuroendocrine tumors in other organs. Rarely, however, they may display unusual morphologic appearances that can introduce difficulties for diagnosis. We report four cases of primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the pancreas (islet cell tumors) that were characterized by prominent "rhabdoid" features of the tumor cells. The lesions occurred in two men and two women 37-79 years of age who presented with symptoms of biliary obstruction and epigastric pain; one patient had recurrent gastric ulcers and an elevated gastrin level. The tumors were located in the head and tail of the pancreas and measured 2.5-4.5 cm in greatest diameter. Histologic examination revealed sheets of monotonous tumor cells with uniform round nuclei showing dispersed chromatin and containing abundant densely eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions that displaced the nuclei toward the periphery. In all cases, the rhabdoid elements appeared to merge with areas showing a more conventional neuroendocrine morphology. Immunohistochemical studies in all cases showed strong cytoplasmic positivity of the rhabdoid tumor cells for chromogranin, synaptophysin, and cytokeratin. Recognition of this unusual morphologic appearance is of importance to avoid mistaking these lesions for other types of malignant neoplasm.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the pancreas with 'Rhabdoid' features. 1504 20

The mechanism of islet neogenesis remains poorly understood, despite its potential applications in regenerative or replacement therapies for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. During fetal development of the mouse or rat, the majority of islet cells are formed in late gestation (E18-21) by the process of neogenesis from precursor cells. The precursor cells are organized as ducts that actively proliferate and express high levels of specific cytokeratin (CK) proteins. Transitional cells coexpressing islet hormones and CK are frequent and disappear shortly after birth, to reappear only in conditions in which pancreas or islet regeneration has been induced. Islet morphogenesis is thought to operate mainly through the budding of islet cells from ducts, followed by their migration away from the duct to form clusters. Single islet cells are indeed frequent in the fetal and regenerating pancreas, but they also occur in normal tissue, especially in the human pancreas. A different neogenic mechanism, observed in the fetal rat, consists in the proliferation of ductal cells resulting in large aggregates. Starting from the middle of the aggregate, cells differentiate into islet cells and gradually lose their proliferative activity and other ductal characteristics. In adult pancreas, islets are in close contact with at least one duct or ductule. Such a direct duct-islet axis becomes even more evident in regeneration models, such as duct ligation. In these models, a metaplastic transformation of the exocrine pancreas to so-called pseudoductal complexes is seen. Surviving exocrine cells acquire a metaplastic phenotype, which resembles the fetal protodifferentiated state. They start to express CK, the beta-cell transcription factor Pdx1, the neuroendocrine/islet cell markers PGP9.5 and the CCKB receptor for gastrin, and they show pronounced proliferative activity and islet neogenesis. We hypothesize that these de-differentiated or metaplastic exocrine cells (acinar and ductal), acquire a multipotential state and can serve as islet precursors.
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PMID:Islet morphogenesis and stem cell markers. 1528 45

Ninety-three percent of symptomatic patients with small intestinal carcinoid tumours have metastases. The most common sites of metastases are lymph nodes and liver. Orbital metastases have rarely been described and the majority of them involve the choroid rather than extraocular orbital structures. We report a patient who developed proptosis, impairment of vision and reduced ocular motility on the left side, eighteen months after operation for primary intestinal carcinoid tumour with hepatic metastases. CT and MR studies revealed the tumour mass infiltrating the inferior rectus muscle. Biopsy examined by imprint and frozen section showed tumour consistent with metastatic carcinoid. The tumour was removed. HE and staining for cytokeratin, chromogranin, NSE, serotonin, somatostatin and gastrin showed that the tumour tissue corresponded to that of the primary intestinal carcinoid tumour. Intramuscular orbital metastasis from a carcinoid tumour is a rare occurrence. Diagnosis may be difficult, especially where no evidence of primary carcinoid tumour is present. Metastatic orbital carcinoid should be suspected in patients with a clinical history of carcinoid tumour and who develop ocular complaints and mass lesion in the orbit. Complete surgical removal of the tumour is important for optimal restitution of vision and eye movements.
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PMID:Carcinoid tumour metastatic to the orbit with infiltration to the extraocular orbital muscle. 1572 88

Neuroendocrine (NE) carcinoma was diagnosed in 10 dogs. In six cases examined by cephalometric radiography and computerized tomography, a large mass was seen to fill the nasal cavity. Histopathologically, sheets, nests or ribbons of neoplastic cells were separated by delicate or thick fibrovascular stroma. The neoplastic cells were round, oval, or spindle-shaped; cytoplasmic granules and hyperchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli were present. Neoplastic cells were invariably immunohistochemically positive for cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Eight dogs were positive for S100 protein, seven for synaptophysin, five for protein gene product 9.5, two for somatostatin, and one for Leu-7. Immunolabelling gave negative results for CK 8, CK 19, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related polypeptide, neurofilaments, serotonin, gastrin and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells contained a large number of round, membrane-bounded, densely-cored granules corresponding to neurosecretory granules. These observations were consistent with the neuroendocrine nature of the carcinomas.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine carcinoma in the nasal cavity of ten dogs. 1604 21

Primary carcinoid tumors of the extrahepatic biliary tree are exceedingly rare, accounting for 0.2-2% of all digestive carcinoids. The authors in this study describe a case of biliary duct primary well-differentiated endocrine tumor in a 30-year-old man with symptoms of biliary obstruction and watery diarrhoea. Abdominal ultrasound showed a 2-cm solid lesion in the head of the pancreas, compressing the distal common bile duct. A computed tomography scan confirmed these findings, revealing the hypervascular pattern of the tumor. Gastrointestinal hormonal screening demonstrated an increase in plasma serotonin. The patient underwent standard pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. Pathological examination showed a neuroendocrine tumor of the distal common bile duct measuring 1.8 cm in greatest dimension. The tumor cells were immunopositive for neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin A, synaptophysin, serotonin, and cytokeratin. Stains for gastrin and somatostatin were negative. Seven years later, the patient is well, with no evidence of disease. Given the site of these tumors and the difficulty in differentiating them from periampullary lesions, decisions as to the appropriate surgical approach may be problematic. After an exhaustive review of the literature, the authors conclude that pancreatoduodenectomy is the treatment of choice.
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PMID:Well-differentiated endocrine tumor of the distal common bile duct: a case study and literature review. 1667 Sep 30


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