Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) endocrine system of three reptiles, Testudo graeca, Mauremys caspica, and Lacerta lepida, was investigated by means of immunocytochemistry. Single and double immunostaining methods have demonstrated immunoreactivity for insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), somatostatin, serotonin, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in endocrine cells of the pancreas of the reptiles studied. Islet-like structures with insulin-immunoreactive (IR) cells surrounded by glucagon-IR cells were observed only in the splenic portion of the pancreas of M. caspica. Occasionally, somatostatin- and PP-IR cells were associated with glucagon-containing cells. Endocrine cells were also observed in the excretory ducts of the exocrine glands. Serotonin, bombesin, neurotensin, gastrin, glucagon, somatostatin, PYY, and insulin were demonstrated immunocytochemically in open-type GEP cells of the digestive tract of the animals studied. Serotonin, somatostatin, and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were the most abundant endocrine cell types. In L. lepida, PP- and peptide tyrosine tyrosine-immunoreactive cells were also frequently observed. Cells containing cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide, met- and leu-enkephalin, motilin, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide could not be detected. The present work demonstrates that the reptilian GEP endocrine system is a complex structure containing most of the regulatory peptides similar in structure to those found in higher vertebrates.
 ...
PMID:Comparative immunohistochemical study of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system of three reptiles. 257 25

The effect of the presence of food in the intestinal lumen on fluid transport by an intestinal loop isolated from nutrients is debatable and seems to be species dependent. The aim of the present study was to investigate this effect in humans. Fluid and ion transport by a 30-cm-long jejunal loop was measured by the perfusion of a plasmalike electrolyte solution below an occlusive balloon inflated at the angle of Treitz. At the same time, the duodenum was infused at the papilla by saline (control period) or one of the following solutions (test period): protein hydrolysate, starch hydrolysate, lipids, or mixed nutrients. The four solutions (pH 7; 300 mosmol/L; 540 kcal/L) were infused in 6 normal subjects in a randomized order. In 6 further subjects, two other loads of intraduodenal lipids (120 and 1080 kcal/L) were tested according to a similar protocol. Blood samples were taken serially for radioimmunoassays of gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, motilin, and somatostatin. Intraduodenal mixed nutrients, proteins, and lipids significantly reduced water and ion jejunal net absorption or induced a net secretion (without dose-effect relationship for lipids) and stimulated plasma cholecystokinin, pancreatic polypeptide, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Intraduodenal lipids also stimulated circulating levels of gastrin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Intraduodenal sugars did not change jejunal fluid and ion transport and significantly increased plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Covariance analysis showed transjejunal fluid movements to be linked with plasma levels of cholecystokinin. We conclude that an intraduodenal mixed meal exerts a secretory effect on a jejunal loop isolated from the nutrients and that this effect is due to the lipid and protein content of the meal; our data are compatible with a mediation of this phenomenon by cholecystokinin.
 ...
PMID:Jejunal secretory effect of intraduodenal food in humans. A comparison of mixed nutrients, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. 257 68

The distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus (Family Soricidae, Order Insectivora) was studied immunohistochemically. The hormones investigated were gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, secretin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), motilin and neurotensin. In the gastric mucosa, gastrin and somatostatin cells were only found in the pyloric regions, and no other hormonal cell-types were observed. In the intestinal mucosa, the largest number of endocrine cells belonged to the gastrin and glucagon/glicentin cell-types, whereas CCK-33/39 and secretin cells were the least numerous. Numbers of other cell-types were intermediate between these two groups. The gastrin and GIP cells were mostly localized in the proximal portion of the intestine, decreasing in number towards the distal portion. The motilin and CCK-33/39 cells were restricted to the proximal half. The glucagon/glicentin and neurotensin cells were most abundant in the middle portion. The somatostatin and secretin cells, although only present in small numbers, were randomly distributed throughout the intestine. This characteristic distribution of gastrointestinal endocrine cells is discussed in comparison with the distribution patterns of other mammals.
 ...
PMID:The distribution of endocrine cells in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract of the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus (Insectivora). 258 80

After colectomy, continent ileal reservoirs are an accepted alternative to conventional ileostomy for patients with ulcerative colitis. To assess the effect of these reservoirs on digestive function, circulating and morphologic gut endocrine responses were measured in patients with a continent ileostomy or with a pelvic pouch and compared to patients with conventional ileostomy, with active ulcerative colitis and healthy controls. Eight subjects were studied in each group. Basal and postprandial plasma gastrin, enteroglucagon, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, insulin, pancreatic glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide in both groups with ileal reservoirs were equivalent to controls. Basal plasma motilin and postprandial plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide were raised in ileal reservoir patients, but similar changes also occurred in ulcerative colitis patients and those with conventional ileostomy. In one half of patients, cell populations of enteroglucagon, peptide YY, and neurotensin were decreased in pouch mucosa that corresponded with the presence of mucosal inflammation. On the other hand, with pouch inflammation vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive nerves were increased and a proportion of the fibres were moderately coarsened. Mucosal concentrations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide did not, however, exceed that of controls. After an ileal reservoir sufficient reserve remains for gut hormone release into the circulation, suggesting compensation for the presence of a reservoir and the absence of a colon; circulating hormone changes do occur but are consequent upon previous ulcerative colitis. Reservoirs may show neuromorphologic alterations that appear to be related to mucosal inflammation.
 ...
PMID:Gut hormone responses after reconstructive surgery for ulcerative colitis. 261 86

The many peptides we have not considered (e.g. gastrin, motilin, FMRFamide, carnosine, litorin, dermorphin, casomorphin, eledoisin, prolactin, growth hormone, neuromedin U, proctolin, etc.) were omitted due to lack of information as far as any putative central cardiovascular effects are concerned. However, even for some of these peptide pariahs intriguing snippets of information are available now (e.g. ref. 85), although as we write, the list of possible candidates for investigation grows longer. On an optimistic note, it is becoming clear that many brain neuropeptides may have important effects on cardiovascular regulation. It seems feasible that 'chemically coded' pathways in the brain might be the neuroanatomical correlate of a 'viscerotopic' organization of cardiovascular control mechanisms, whereby the activity of the heart and flows through vascular beds are individually controlled, but in an integrated fashion, utilizing particular combinations of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides within the brain. Such possibilities can only be investigated, properly, by measurement of changes in cardiac output and regional haemodynamics in response to appropriate interventions, in conscious, unrestrained animals.
 ...
PMID:Brain neuropeptides: actions on central cardiovascular control mechanisms. 265 92

The endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the domestic pigeon (Columba livia var domestica) were studied immunohistochemically, and their distribution and relative frequencies were determined. In the proventriculus, moderate numbers of somatostatin- and numerous gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP)-immunoreactive cells were found. No immunoreactive cells were detected in the gizzard. In the pyloric region, many motilin-immunoreactive cells were found in addition to numerous somatostatin- and gastrin-immunoreactive cells. In the intestine, somatostatin-, gastrin-, serotonin-, neurotensin-, pancreatic glucagon- and enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells were found to have in differing distribution patterns.
 ...
PMID:An immunohistochemical study on the distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of domestic pigeon, (Columba livia var domestica). 267 58

The effect of bombesin (BBS) and gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) on gastric emptying was studied in conscious cats. This effect was measured simultaneously with antral motility. Acid and pepsin secretions as well as blood hormonal peptide release were additionally measured. A dual effect was observed. First, BBS and GRP slowed gastric emptying of liquids, while antral motility was decreased, then after 60 minutes of continuous intravenous infusion, antral motility returned to basal values and gastric emptying effect reversed. The mechanism of this peculiar action is independent of gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin and motilin release and most probably connected with a cholinergic stimulation induced by the peptides, the late predominance of which counterbalances the inhibitory effect of bombesin-like peptides on antral motility.
 ...
PMID:Dual effect of bombesin and gastrin releasing peptide on gastric emptying in conscious cats. 275 71

Among 30 patients with islet cell neoplasms or hyperplasia who exhibited marked gastric acid hypersecretion and peptic ulceration and/or diarrhea, fasting plasma gastrin concentrations were less than 150 pg/ml in 11 patients, whereas the remaining 19 patients had hypergastrinemia. Plasma extracts from seven of these 11 patients were assayed for acid secretagogue activity in rats. All seven plasma extracts had secretagogue activity that was not found in the plasma extracts of ten patients with ordinary duodenal ulcer disease. Each of the tumor or pancreatic tissue extracts obtained from nine patients exhibited secretagogue activity in rats even though tissue gastrin content was 101.9 pmol (213.8 ng).g-1 or less. The secretagogue activity of the tumor extracts was confirmed in conscious gastric fistula dogs. The tumors' secretagogue activity, in contrast to gastrin, was destroyed by trypsin. It was eluted between porcine motilin and human gastrin I from a Sephadex G-50 (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, Inc., Piscataway, NJ) superfine column and was not retained by CM-cellulose, at pH 8.5. Its retention time during reverse phase HPLC on a C18 column also differed from those of G17 and G34. Thus, this secretagogue activity appeared mediated by a small, acidic peptide with a molecular size of about 2000 to 3000 daltons. The present study indicates that plasma and tumor extracts of these 11 patients contain a gastric acid secretagogue activity mediated by a nongastrin peptide. We suggest that what may be a distinct clinical entity associated with endocrine neoplasms of the pancreas should be considered in the face of excessive acid hypersecretion without fasting hypergastrinemia.
 ...
PMID:Ulcerogenic tumor syndrome of the pancreas associated with a nongastrin acid secretagogue. 275 18

We have assessed the effects of intravenous infusion of bovine pancreatic polypeptide (PP) (1 microgram kg-1 h-1) on the basal and postprandial secretion of gastrointestinal, pancreatic and adrenocortical hormones in normal dogs. Bovine PP within the physiological range increased plasma cortisol levels transiently but significantly. PP elicited an inhibition of insulin response to a protein-rich meal, and tended to reduce the gastrin response. There were, however, no significant changes in basal or postprandial plasma concentrations of motilin and pancreatic glucagon during PP infusion. These results suggest that PP may have a role in controlling insulin secretion from the pancreas. The possible mechanisms are discussed mainly on the basis of vagal innervation.
 ...
PMID:Effects of pancreatic polypeptide on basal and meal stimulated secretion of gastrointestinal, pancreatic and adrenocortical hormones in the dog. 279 63

Gastrointestinal hormones and regulatory peptides of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) influence many digestive functions and therefore it is essential in diseases of the GIT to search also for changes of GIT hormones in plasma or for an altered response of the target organ to hormonal abnormalities. An unequivocal physiological function is known so far only in gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, motilin, somatostatin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide. The authors analyzes therefore different nosological unites, or clinical syndromes associated with excessive production of gastrin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, glucagon and somatostatin. He discusses also the syndrome of malignant carcinoid caused by excessive formation of serotonin in the enterochromaffin cells of the GIT which by its symptoms can imitate some apudomas of the GIT.
 ...
PMID:[Hormonal changes in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract]. 280 Mar 78


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>