Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An enkephalin analogue [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met(o)-ol] enkephalin (DAMME), given intravenously to normal subjects raised serum prolactin and growth-hormone levels but lowered serum levels of luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, cortisol, and corticotrophin. There was also a small fall in total glucagon and gastric inhibitory peptide (G.I.P.) and a rise in thyrotrophin. beta-Lipotrophin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, insulin, gastrin, and pancreatic glucagon were unchanged. Blood-glycerol increased, and blood lactate, alanine, and glucose fell. Prior administration of the opiate antagonist, naloxone, attenuated the hormonal responses to DAMME. This enkephalin analogue produces endocrine and metabolic changes in man which may be mediated through opiate-binding receptors both within and outside the brain. The enkephalins and related substances may provide an important link between perception, behaviour, and neuroendocrine regulation of hormone secretion and metabolism.
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PMID:Hormonal and metabolic responses to an enkephalin analogue in normal man. 8 35

Reliable and specific radioimmunoassays have been developed for the gut hormones secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin, pancreatic glucagon, VIP, GIP, motilin, and enteroglucagon. Using these assays, the relative pattern of distribution of the gut hormones has been determined using the same bowel extracts for all measurements. VIP occurred in high concentration in all regions of the bowel, whereas secretin, GIP, motilin, and CCK were predominantly localised in the proximal small intestine. Pancreatic glucagon was almost exclusively confined to the pancreas. Like VIP, enteroglucagon also exhibited a wide pattern of distribution but was maximal in the ileum. The acid ethanol extraction method that was used was found to be unsuitable for gastrin. On gel chromatography of the extracts, motilin and VIP eluted as single molecular species in identical position to the pure porcine peptides. CCK, pancreatic glucagon, enteroglucagon and GIP were all multiform.
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PMID:Distribution of the gut hormones in the primate intestinal tract. 11 57

The effects of a number of peptides which are found in the gastrointestinal tract have been ascertained on the direct current recorded dorsal and ventral root responses of the isolated hemisected toad spinal cord. Motilin, substance P, bombesin, neurotensin, and thyrotropin releasing hormone had potent depolarizing actions on dorsal root terminals and motoneurons. These substances evoked discernable effects at concentrations as low as 10--7 M, or even lower with motilin. The effects of motilin, neurotensin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone were greatly reduced or abolished by perfusion of the preparation with tetrodotoxin. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, secretin, and pancreozymin (cholecystokinin) also depolarized dorsal root terminals and motoneurons. The effects of secretin and cholecystokinin were not abolished by tetrodotoxin. Leu- and Met-enkephalin had weak hyperpolarizing actions on the dorsal and ventral root potentials of repetitively stimulated preparations. Gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, glucagon, and somatostatin had no apparent effects on the responses of the preparation. Angiotensin and vasopressin both had rather weak depolarizing effects on the dorsal and ventral roots.
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PMID:Actions of various gastrointestinal peptides on the isolated amphibian spinal cord. 11 60

Salivary, gastric, and pancreatic secretory responses to intravenous 13-norleucine-motilin (13-nle-motilin), a synthetic analog of motilin and biologically equivalent to the natural polypeptide, were studied in healthy volunteers. 13-nle-Motilin in doses of 100 ng/kg body wt/hr significantly stimulated gastric pepsin output, while H + secretion and serum gastrin levels remained unchanged. Enhanced pepsin secretion was not accompanied by an increase in gastric secretion of cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate, nor did gastric mucosal levels of the cyclic nucleotide rise. A dose of 13-nle-motilin, which stimulated gastric pepsin output, did not exert any significant effect on salivary and pancreatic secretions.
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PMID:Effects of 13-nle-motilin on salivary, gastric, and pancreatic secretions in man. 18 98

With combined immunofluorescent, cytochemical and electron microscopic investigations the enterochromaffin cell system has been differentiated into 5 distinct endocrine cell types in the human stomach and into 8 cell types in the intestine. These endocrine cells are probably of neuroectodermal origin and belong to the APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation)-system. Maximal gastrointestinal hormone concentrations as determined by tissue extracts correlate fairly well to the location of each endocrine cell type in various segments of the gastrointestinal tract. In certain gastroenteropathies the pathophysiological disturbances can be explained by pathomorphological alterations of the disseminated endocrine cells. 1. The gastrin-producing G-cell is the predominating endocrine cell in the gastric antrum. Besides immunocytochemistry the G-cell can be demonstrated with argyrophilic reaction (Grimelius, 1968), masked metachromasia and leadhematoxylin. The ultrastructural features are variable, depending on functional activity. The secretory granules are usually only slightly osmiophilic, measuring 200 till 250 nm in diameter. By some working groups a positive immunofluorescence with gastrin-antisera has been demonstrated in A1- or D-cells of the pancreatic islets. However, numerous negative results have been reported, too. Considering physiological conditions, a gastrin-secretion of the human pancreatic islets has not been secured without doubt. 2. The EC-cell produces serotonin and in the intestine motilin, too. Besides the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence, these cells can be demonstrated with diazonium and argentaffin reactions, less specific with argyrophilic methods. Ultrastructurally the EC-granules are easily differeniated from the other endocrine cells by their pronounced osmiophilia and pleomorphism. In experimental conditions the EC-cells demonstrate species- and site-specific alterations. With reserpine no ultrastructural changes were demonstrable in EC-cells of the rat. However, marked ultrastructural alterations with an increase of the hormone-producing organelle system were noticed after administration of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) which interferes with serotonine synthesis; 5. The gastric D-cells are characterized by large secretory granules similar to pancreatic D-cells. They secrete the HCl-inhibitory peptide somatostatin. 4. The D1-cell is a cell type with unknown function. The cytoplasm contains small granules with variable electron density. According to most authors, they represent a distinct cell type and not just a variant of the G-cells. It may be very difficult, however, to separate certain forms of D1-cells from functionally altered G-cells. 5. The A-cell can be found in the gastric mucosa of certain animal species, where it has been demonstrated by immunocytochemistry with antisera to gut-glucagon. This cell type does not occur in the human gastric mucosa. 6...
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PMID:[Pathomorphologic studies of the endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Physiology, cytochemistry and ultrastructure (author's transl]. 19 Aug 18

A patient with pancreatic islet cell carcinoma demonstrated spontaneous remission and recurrence of hyperinsulinism and disappearance of elevated plasma motilin levels. Despite evidence for gastrin production by the tumor initially, the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was not diagnosed until three years after initial presentation. Diarrhea and steatorrhea could be attributed to hyperchlorhydria rather than to direct intestinal effects of elevated cirulating gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide or motilin. Pancreatic islet cell carcinomas, considered as a type a APUD cell proliferation, frequently produce more than one hormone; the pattern of hormone secretion may differ with time and clinical manifestations may change accordingly.
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PMID:Hormone producing pancreatic islet cell carcinoma: changing clinical presentation. 23 6

1. In dogs with gastric fistulas and vagally innervated fundic and antral pouches, 13-norleucine-motilin (13-nle-motilin), a synthetic analogue of motilin, infused intravenously in graded doses produced a dose-dependent increase in gastric acid and pepsin outputs. 2. The motilin-induced stimulation of gastric secretion occurred independently of antral pH and was not accompanied by any alteration in the serum gastrin level suggesting that motilin did not affect the release of gastrin. 3. When infused intravenously in a constant dose against a constant background stimulation with pentagastrin or histamine 13-nle-motilin inhibited both acid and pepsin secretion from the main stomach and fundic pouch. 4. The inhibitory effect of 13-nle-motilin was always associated with a marked reduction in mucosal blood flow but without any change in the ratio of aminopyrine concentration in the gastric juice and blood plasma indicating that this peptide primarily affected gastric secretion but did not limit the gastric mucosal microcirculation.
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PMID:Effect of 13-NLE-motilin on gastric secretion, serum gastrin level and mucosal blood flow in dogs. 32 55

This is a review of current information concerning the role of hormones and the autonomic nervous system in the control of exocrine secretions of the pancreas. A greater emphasis has been placed on the role of hormones because of information accumulated during the last several years. With the development of radioimmunoassay techniques, it is now possible to correlate circulating hormone concentrations with biological function. The role of hormones has been discussed with the framework of the secretin-glucagon family, the cholecystokinin-gastrin family, and other proposed gastrointestinal hormones and related peptides. Gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin are three prime gut hormones that regulate pancreatic secretion. Other hormones that may have a role in pancreatic secretion include glucagon, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, chymodenin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, motilin, and bombesin. Neural mechanisms play an important although not so succinct a role in the over-all control of exocrine secretion. A complex relationship exists between the parasympathetic nervous system and the release of the hormones and their effect on pancreatic acinar and duct cells.
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PMID:Neurohormonal control of pancreatic secretion. A review. 34 Mar 22

The chemistry, localisation, release and effects of gastrointestinal hormones and some related peptides are surveyed. Their main presumed physiologic actions are: gastric acid and pepsin secretion are stimulated by gastrin and to a less degree by secretin. Acid secretion is inhibited by bulbo-enterogastrone and GIP. Biliary water and electrolytes are augmented by gastrin, CCK-PZ, secretin and VIP and inhibited by Substance P. Pancreatic bicarbonate and enzyme secretions are stimulated by secretin and CCK-PZ, especially in combination. Lower oesophageal and antral motility and tonus are elevated following gastrin and motilin; the gallbladder and small intestine empty following CCK. Gastrin regulates gastrointestinal, and CCK pancreatic, tissue growth. Somatostatin inhibits all gut hormones. All peptides are vasoactive within the splanchnic area, each one in a specific manner.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal hormones. 35 98

The effect of an infusion of natural motilin on the rate of gastric emptying of a standard breakfast was studied in 5 subjects using Caesium 129-tagged resin particles. Emptying rates were measured on 4 separate days. On 2 days, the subjects receive only saline (controls), while on the other 2 days a motilin infusion of 0.34 pmol/kg/min for 60 min, followed by 0.68 pmol/kg/min for 60 min, was given. All infusions were blind and given in random order. At the end of the low-dose motilin infusion 31 +/- 4% of the meal had emptied, compared with 17 +/- 2% with saline infusion (P less than 0.01). A similar effect was also seen with the high-dose infusion. Plasma motilin concentrations rose from a basal of 68 +/- 13 pmol/liter to 126 +/- 10 pmol/liter during low-dose motilin infusion and to 170 +/- 11 pmol/liter during the high dose. No significant change in basal or postprandial levels of glucose, gastrin, pancreatic glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory peptide, enteroglucagon, or vasoactive intestinal peptide was noted, but postprandial insulin release was greater during motilin infusion.
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PMID:Effect of motilin on the rate of gastric emptying and gut hormone release during breakfast. 37 76


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