Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Subtotal pancreatectomy specimens from two adults with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and one adult with watery diarrhea syndrome were investigated. All three specimens were originally diagnosed as "nesidioblastosis"; none had a neoplasm, and all patients were cured of their endocrine dysfunction by the surgical procedure. Tissue samples were studied by light microscopy and light microscopic immunohistochemistry for serotonin, ACTH, bombesin, calcitonin, gastrin, glucagon, insulin, HPP, somatostatin, and VIP. The results were compared with those obtained from the parallel study of ten adult pancreata obtained at autopsy from patients without pancreatic disease or endocrine dysfunction. The total endocrine cell mass was not notably greater in the pancreata from patients with endocrine dysfunction than in the controls. Both groups had an estimated 95% of the endocrine cell population organized in islets while the remaining 5% was irregularly dispersed amidst the exocrine ducts and acini. Findings more conspicuous in patients with endocrine dysfunction but not absent in the controls included: large islets, islets with irregular contours and ragged edges, and large individual islet cells with abundant cytoplasm and bizarre nuclei. Immunoreactivity for insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin was demonstrated in all cases; the ratio among these hormones in the patients with endocrine dysfunction and in the controls was similar. In the patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, step sections sequentially stained for insulin and somatostatin showed a close topographic relationship between these cell types. In the patient with the watery diarrhea syndrome, VIP immunoreactive cells were easily identified admixed with exocrine components; they were only rarely seen within islets. We suggest that the hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in these adults was not due to simple quantitative abnormalities in total endocrine cell mass nor to its maldistribution nor to lack of topographic proximity between insulin and somatostatin cells. We speculate that the syndrome may be based on still unknown derangements of insulin secretion, release, and/or its degradation. In the case of the watery diarrhea syndrome, the readily identifiable VIP immunoreactive cells represent the emergence of a functional expression regarded as ectopic for the endocrine cells of the pancreas. We conclude that nesidioblastosis per se cannot be viewed as the structural basis of these endocrine dysfunctions since many of its features were present in control pancreata lacking any such association.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Adult nesidiodysplasia. 640 Jun 29

In 10 volunteers, the plasma VIP and serum gastrin concentrations before and after a test meal were measured at thirty minute intervals over a period of 5 hours. The precision of the VIP radioimmunoassay (double antibody method) is indicated by a coefficient of variation of 6%; its accuracy is reflected by the percentage deviation in the dilution test of between 0.6 and 8.5%. There was no significant difference in VIP concentrations before and after consumption of the test meal (p less than 0.05), WILCOXON test). In contrast, the gastrin concentration had already risen significantly (p less than 0.01) after thirty minutes. It then dropped back to the fasting range over a period of 5 hours. The lack of a rise in VIP after ingestion of the test meal supports the contention that VIP is purely a neurotransmitter. In contrast, the test meal induced a luminal stimulation of G-cells with endocrine secretion.
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PMID:[Radioimmunological determination of plasma VIP and serum gastrin concentrations as affected by nutrition]. 647 86

There is little, and partially contradictory information about the mutual hormonal effects of peptides. With the help of volunteers we investigated the influence of a new synthetic secretin (1 CU/kg/h, 0 to 120 min.) alone and in combination with GIH-CCK (1 IU/kg/h, 60 to 120 min.) on the concentration of VIP (n = 13) and gastrin (n = 20). Six of the volunteers were subjected to a randomized cross-over study under NaCl infusion in which both peptides were determined. The VIP concentration was not significantly influenced (31 +/- 3 - 34 +/- 4 - 38 +/- 4.5 pg/ml, p greater than 0.05) by either secretin (0 to 60 min.) or by secretin and CCK (60 to 120 min.). In contrast, secretin induced a significant fall in the gastrin level (30 +/- 2 vs. 24 +/- 2 pg/ml, p less than 0.05). With an additional administration of CCK there was a significant rise in gastrin (75 min.: 46 +/- 3 pg/ml, p less than 0.005) with a decline in peptide levels at the end of the infusion (135 min.: 23 +/- 2 pg/ml, p less than 0.005). The cross reactivity with GIH-CCK and CCK-octapeptide was 2.4 and 3% respectively. The increase in gastrin is not regarded as being due to cross reaction with CCK. This may be due to either contamination of the CCK preparation by other peptides which exert an influence on the gastrin level or the CCK induced release of bile.
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PMID:[Secretin and cholecystokinin: hormonal action on the concentration of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and gastrin in human subjects?]. 648 38

The report of a significant increase in plasma VIP concentration (PVC) during endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract prompted us to examine this question under comparable experimental conditions, with simultaneous determination of serum gastrin concentration (SGC). Thirteen patients took part in a study wherein PVC and SGC were determined before, during and after oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD). Before OGD the value for PVC was 30 +/- 2.5 pg/ml (means +/- SEM); during endoscopy it tended to increase slightly, to 35 +/- 3.2 pg/ml immediately after the examination (p greater than 0.05). By contrast with this finding, the SGC increased rapidly and significantly from 47 +/- 4.7 pg/ml prior to the examination to maximal values up to 68 +/- 6 pg/ml on inspection of the fundus (p less than 0,005), and was at a significantly increased level (p less than 0.05), with a value of 61.5 +/- 7.2 pg/ml, as much as thirty minutes after the examination. Sixty minutes after the examination the values had fallen to their original level (47.5 +/- 7.5 pg/ml). The present study shows that OGD has no significant influence on PVC, but that it is possible that stimulation of the VIP-ergic system is accompanied by a trivial increase in PVC. By contrast with this OGD significantly increases the concentration of endocrinally secreted gastrin, an effect which lasts as much as thirty minutes after the examination. The release of gastrin is a result of the combined effect of mechanical stimulation, distension due to insufflation of air and simultaneously induced neural influences. However, these mechanisms exert at most an insignificant influence on PVC - if indeed they have any effect on it at all.
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PMID:[Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract: changes in the concentration of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and gastrin?]. 649 48

Gastric endoscopy of a 40 year old woman suffering from ill-defined epigastralgy revealed a carcinoid tumor apparently located at the mucous membrane. The tumor was neither argyrophil nor argentaffin. Immunohistochemical tests for VIP, gastrin and serotonin were negative. Biological examinations indicated hypochrome anemia and hypergastrinemia (greater than 800 pg/ml). The excision was completed by a gastrectomy of 2/3 with a Pean anastomosis. No residual tumor was detected but the fundic mucous membrane showed considerable atrophic gastritis together with a marked hyperplasia of endocrine cells giving an aspect of microcarcinoidosis. Immunohistochemical studies showed that most of the cells produced serotonin while a few cells produced gastrin or VIP. Control biopsies of the stump showed similar hyperplasia of the endocrine cells and ultrastructural studies confirmed the polymorphism of the islets. The present observation is compared to analogous cases cited in the literature. The pathogenic mechanism possibly linked to the capacity of gastrin in stimulating endocrine cells is discussed. The prognosis in these carcinoid tumors appears to be the same as in other gastric carcinoid tumors. In particular, a recent observation (Goldman et al., 1981) illustrated their aptitude to lead to metastases.
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PMID:[Chronic atrophic gastritis with carcinoid tumor and microcarcinoidosis. Report of a case with immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure study]. 662 98

The relationships between CSF and plasma hormonal levels of several peptides were studied in the same samples of simultaneously obtained plasma and CSF. A significant correlation existed between CSF and plasma levels of DSIP as well as gastrin. Preliminary results also showed a correlation between CSF and plasma levels of NT, but not VIP or calcitonin. CSF/plasma ratios and the effect of BBB disruption also varied from peptide to peptide. These diverse CSF/plasma relationships are not easily explained by models of nonspecific passage but may indicate individual systems or axes that could be involved in the central effects of peripherally administered peptides.
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PMID:CSF-plasma relationships for DSIP and some other neuropeptides. 668 11

To compare the effect of parenteral with enteral nutrition on gastroentero-pancreatic hormones, hypercaloric and hypocaloric nutrient preparations, commonly used clinically, were administered to rats either through cannulae in the jugular vein or gastrostomies. Control rats were fed orally ad libitum. Portal and aortic plasma was collected for radioimmunoassay with antibodies to C-terminal regions of gastrin and glucagon and to N-terminal-to-central regions of glucagon and VIP. Levels of all immunoreactivities were significantly lower in aortic than portal plasma. Apparent clearance of glucagon and gastrin by liver or lung both was enhanced by administration of the hypercaloric nutrient intravenously. Only intragastric hypercaloric nutrition maintained levels of VIP immunoreactivity close to those of control rats. Intragastric administration of either preparation appeared to maintain adequate levels of gastrin. Differences in the levels of glucagon immunoreactivities may be related to the stimulatory effects of metabolites in the lower gut and pancreas.
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PMID:The effect of parenteral and enteral nutrition on portal and systemic immunoreactivities of gastrin, glucagon and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). 681 13

It was established that VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide), secretin, CCK (cholecystokinin), gastrin and motilin can be localized to the CNS by immunologic means. Whether or not these immuno-crossreactivities represent peptides identical to those in the g.i. tracts remains to be established. The neuronal localization of these five peptides in the gut predicted, however, their presence in neurons of the CNS. Furthermore, their presence within the hypothalamus and pituitary suggested physiological roles for these hormones in anterior pituitary function. We have now demonstrated the direct actions of VIP, secretin, gastrin and motilin on pituitary hormone release in vitro. Perhaps more importantly, we have described a hypothalamic site of action of VIP, secretin, CCK and gastrin to alter hormone release in vitro. Our data, taken in concert with those of other groups, suggest a modulatory role for the g.i. hormones and indicate the possible symphonic control by many hormones and transmitter candidates of distinct secretory events in the pituitary. Indeed, these data indicate the complexity underlying the finally tuned hypothalamus-pituitary-target tissue axis.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal hormones: central nervous system localization and sites of neuroendocrine actions. 698 31

A variety of neuropeptides, such as TRH, somatostatin, VIP, Substance P, neurotensin, CCK, gastrin, and opioid peptides, alter secretion of GH and PRL from the pituitary. These actions differ according to the route of administration or with experimental conditions, especially anesthesia. Among these peptides, the most consistent results have been obtained with opioid peptides, which stimulate GH and PRL release. Both beta-endorphin and enkephalins are capable of stimulating GH and PRL release in anesthetized and unanesthetized, freely moving rats. The effect is blocked by naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist. GH secretion induced by opioid peptides seems to be mediated by an alpha-adrenergic mechanism, since treatment with DDC and fusaric acid, which are dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitors, reserpine, and phenoxybenzamine which is an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, blunted GH secretion. However, pimozide, a dopamine receptor antagonist, and propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, were without effect. On the other hand, basal PRL secretion was augmented by pimozide, suggesting the possible involvement of dopamine. It is also possible that serotonin is involved in the GH and PRL release induced by opioid peptides. The physiological significance of opioid peptides in regulating GH and PRL secretion is still unclear. Contradictory results (12,25) have been obtained concerning the effect of naloxone on basal or stimulated GH and PRL secretion in rats, monkeys and humans when tested by the continuous blood sampling method, which rules out the erroneous evaluation of results caused by episodicity of plasma hormone levels. Further studies should clarify the physiological role of opioid peptides in regulating pituitary function.
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PMID:Effect of CNS peptides on hypothalamic regulation of pituitary secretion. 701 Sep 47

Seven Sprague-Dawley rats (404-440 g) underwent a 90% jejuno-ileal bypass (JIB); the functional loop consisted of 1/3 ileum and 2/3 jejunum with the bypassed loop being anastomosed to the ascending colon. Seven control rats were sham-operated. After 35 days, the rats were fasted 18 hours and venous blood was collected. Immunoreactivity of gastrin, measured with an antibody binding equally to G17 and G34, was higher in the plasma of the JIB (256 +/- 55 SEM pg/ml) than control (85 +/- 9 pg/ml) rats. This agrees with recent human studies but is in conflict with results in less mature rats. VIP levels were not significantly different. Glucagon-like immunoreactivity measured with antibodies specific for the C- and N-terminal regions of the hormone, respectively, were also higher in the JIB (510 +/- 40 and 129 +/- 15 pg/ml) rats.
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PMID:Circulating immunoreactivities of gastrin, glucagon and VIP after jejuno-ileal bypass. 707 93


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