Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Expression of gene transcripts for 16 proteins was investigated in a human single lymphocyte using RT-nested PCR method. Examined mRNAs were for IL-2, CD8, progesterone receptor, parathyroid hormone, gastrin, glucagon, cholecystokinin/pancreozymin, insulin, enkephalin, thyroid stimulating hormone, MUC1, MAGE1, pregnancy-specific beta-1 glycoprotein 4, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, beta B3-crystallin and HOX4A. Most of the proteins were thought to be functionally irrelevant to a lymphocyte. All of them were detected in a lymphocyte without exception. The result suggests that there is a possibility of all mRNA expression in a human single cell.
 ...
PMID:A possibility of all mRNA expression in a human single lymphocyte. 918 70

Expression of 25 mRNAs in a single human lymphocyte was investigated using the reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (RT nested PCR) method. Proteins corresponding to the mRNA investigated were mucin antigen, melanoma antigen, pregnancy-specific beta-1 glycoprotein 4, phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase, beta B3-crystallin, homeobox 4A, interleukin 2, cluster of differentiation 8, progesterone receptor, parathyroid hormone, gastrin, cholecystokinin/pancreozymin, glucagon, insulin, enkephalin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, synapsin I, immunoglobulin (Ig)M, IgD, IgG1, IgG3, IgE, IgA, and T cell receptor alpha. All mRNAs were detected in single lymphocytes of two individuals, without exception. In addition, transcripts of IgM, IgD, IgG1, IgG3, IgE, IgA, and the T cell receptor a gene were detected in single sperms. The results strongly suggest the possibility that all mRNAs may be expressed in a single human cell, of both somatic and germ lineage. Thus, cells can consume energy in vain to produce functionally meaningless gene transcripts. However, this basal or illegitimate transcription may be essential for the birth of living matter: the arrow of time in a cell. Moreover, the phenomenon implies the potential of using lymphocytes in place of inaccessible tissue for the diagnosis of genetic diseases.
 ...
PMID:A single human cell expresses all messenger ribonucleic acids: the arrow of time in a cell. 964 29

We report a case of metastatic gastrinoma to the breast morphologically mimicking solid papillary carcinoma of the breast. A 59-year-old woman presented with a hypoechoic right breast mass that histologically revealed solid nests of small monotonous tumor cells, fibrovascular cores, and round to oval nuclei with fine chromatin and small nucleoli. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated chromogranin and synaptophysin positivity. Tumor prognostic markers showed weak positivity for estrogen receptor and negativity for progesterone receptor. Although an initial diagnosis of solid papillary carcinoma was rendered, subsequent identification of the patient's clinical history of pancreatic gastrinoma and an additional immunohistochemical stain for gastrin supported a diagnosis of metastatic gastrinoma. We report this rare case to increase awareness of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors in the breast. Multiple breast lesions and lack of expression of estrogen/progesterone hormone receptors should prompt careful review of the patient's clinical history to rule out metastatic neuroendocrine disease.
 ...
PMID:Metastatic gastrinoma in the breast mimicking primary solid papillary carcinoma. 2734 8

The Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor (GRPR) is over-expressed in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast tumors and related metastatic lymph nodes offering the opportunity of imaging and therapy of luminal tumors. 68Ga-RM2 binding and 18F-FDG binding in tumoral zones were measured and compared using tissue micro-imaging with a beta imager on 14 breast cancer samples (10 primaries and 4 associated metastatic lymph nodes). Results were then assessed against ER expression, progesterone receptor (PR) expression, HER2 over-expression or not and Ki-67 expression. GRPR immunohistochemistry (IHC) was also performed on all samples. We also retrospectively compared 68Ga-RM2 and 18F-FDG bindings to 18F-FDG SUVmax on the pre-therapeutic PET/CT examination, if available. 68Ga-RM2 binding was significantly higher in tumors expressing GRPR on IHC than in GRPR-negative tumors (P = 0.022). In ER+ tumors, binding of 68Ga-RM2 was significantly higher than 18F-FDG (P = 0.015). In tumors with low Ki-67, 68Ga-RM2 binding was also significantly increased compared to 18F-FDG (P = 0.029). Overall, the binding of 68Ga-RM2 and 18F-FDG displayed an opposite pattern in tumor samples and 68Ga-RM2 binding was significantly higher in tumors that had low 18F-FDG binding (P = 0.021). This inverse correlation was also documented in the few patients in whom a 18F-FDG PET/CT examination before surgery was available. Findings from this in vitro study suggest that GRPR targeting can be an alternative to 18F-FDG imaging in ER+ breast tumors. Moreover, because GRPR antagonists can also be labeled with lutetium-177 this opens new avenues for targeted radionuclide therapy in the subset of patients with progressive metastatic disease following conventional treatments.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of the binding of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) antagonist 68Ga-RM2 and 18F-FDG in breast cancer samples. 3064 33