Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pancreas and gut hormones are involved in many endocrine and gastrointestinal diseases. Radioimmunoassays for these hormones have proved particularly valuable in diagnosis, localisation and control of treatment of endocrine tumours, of which many are mixed. An estimate based on ten years experience in a homogenous population of 5 million inhabitants (Denmark) suggests, that endocrine gut tumour-syndromes on an average appear with an incidence of 1 patient per year/syndrome/million. At present six different syndromes are known: 1) The insulinoma syndrome, 2) The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.3) The Verner-Morrison syndrome. 4) The glucagonoma syndrome. 5) The somatostatinoma syndrome, and 6) the carcinoid syndrome. Accordingly diagnostically valuable RIAs for pancreas and gut hormones include those for insulin, gastrin, VIP, HPP, glucagon, somatostatin, and presumably also substance P. It is probably safe to predict that the need for gut and pancreas hormone RIAs within the next decade will increase greatly in order to assure proper management of tumours producing gastroentero-pancreatic hormones.
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PMID:Radioimmunoassay in diagnosis, localization and treatment of endocrine tumours in gut and pancreas. 22 84

Serotonin-producing pancreatic endocrine tumours are rare neoplasms which in most cases exhibit malignant biological behaviour. These tumours, in the majority of the well-documented cases, are composed of argyrophil- and argentaffin-positive cells which contain large pleomorphic neurosecretory granules. In contrast, argyrophilic non-argentaffin pancreatic endocrine tumours with tumour cells containing round neurosecretory granules are exceptional. In this study we describe such a tumour not associated with clinical evidence of carcinoid syndrome in a 60-year-old woman. Histological examination revealed tumour extension in pancreatic lymphatic vessels and veins but no evidence of locoregional or distant metastases. Ten months after surgery the patient showed no recurrence of the disease. Immunohistochemistry revealed cytoplasmic serotonin production in the tumour cells which were negative for anti-gastrin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and ACTH. This study emphasizes the usefulness of combined ultrastructural and immunohistochemical investigations in order to identify and characterize the rare pancreatic endocrine tumours with serotonin production.
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PMID:Serotonin-producing pancreatic endocrine tumour. Histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of a case. 196 80

Nine patients with pancreatic apudomas (seven gastrinomas, one glucagonoma, one tumor secreting a substance P-like component) and nine with metastasized carcinoid tumors were treated with a somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995), administered subcutaneously twice daily for 3 days. Treatment was pursued for 2 to 12 months in nine patients in whom SMS was clinically and/or biologically beneficial. In gastrinomas, SMS decreased plasma gastrin in all but one patient, inhibited the residual gastric acid secretion under H2-blockers and improved diarrhea; in the glucagonoma patient, glucagonemia decreased and skin lesions disappeared. In carcinoid syndrome, clinical efficacy was partial and inconstant; daily 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) output was slightly decreased. Plasma substance P levels decreased in six patients with initially high concentrations. No antitumoral activity or side effects have been so far evidenced. SMS 201-995 is a useful, well-tolerated agent in secreting pancreatic apudomas and to a lesser extent in carcinoid syndrome, where high-dosage regimens may be required.
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PMID:Clinical and hormonal effects of a long-acting somatostatin analogue in pancreatic endocrine tumors and in carcinoid syndrome. 243 3

Octreotide is a long-acting cyclic octapeptide with pharmacologic actions mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin. It can suppress the secretion of serotonin, as well as the gastroenteropancreatic peptides gastrin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), insulin, glucagon, secretin, motilin, and pancreatic polypeptide. It also suppresses growth hormone and decreases splanchnic blood flow. Octreotide is completely and rapidly absorbed following subcutaneous injection and has an elimination half-life of 1.5 hours. Clinical trials reviewed here show octreotide useful in the treatment of diarrhea associated with VIP secreting tumors, as well as diarrhea and flushing associated with carcinoid syndrome, both conditions for which the drug is approved. Clinical trials involving the use of octreotide in the treatment of acromegaly are also reviewed. Adverse reactions to octreotide are mild to moderate and most commonly involve injection site pain and diarrhea. Drug interactions are apparently related to the drug's pharmacologic effects. Octreotide is given subcutaneously two to three times daily, with daily doses ranging from 50mcg to 1,500mcg per day. Further research appears necessary to clarify dosing issues.
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PMID:Debut of a somatostatin analog: octreotide in review. 255 39

Twelve duodenal carcinoid tumours are presented, 4 of them located in the ampulla. Symptoms included the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (4 patients), the carcinoid syndrome (1 patient), mechanical obstruction (3 patients), bleeding (1 patient) and abdominal pain (1 patient). Two further tumours were detected by chance. Three patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome had additional endocrine tumours characteristic of the MEN I syndrome. In 2 of them the duodenal carcinoids were of very small size and were multiple. They were observed in close proximity to focal areas of endocrine cell hyperplasia. Immunohistochemical investigations showed gastrin and somatostatin to be the predominant polypeptide hormones produced by these tumours. No somatostatinoma syndrome was encountered. In half of our cases additional production of insulin, VIP or even calcitonin in smaller amounts was found. Two of our patients had cutaneous manifestations of von Recklinghausen's disease and in both of them the carcinoid was located in the ampulla. One of these patients also had a pheochromocytoma.
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PMID:Duodenal and ampullary carcinoid tumors. A report of 12 cases with pathological characteristics, polypeptide content and relation to the MEN I syndrome and von Recklinghausen's disease (neurofibromatosis). 286 9

SMS 201-995 (Sandostatin) was studied using low doses (50 to 100 micrograms) administered subcutaneously every 12 hours. A single 50-micrograms dose of SMS 201-995 effectively controlled gastric acid and blood gastrin levels for 12 hours in three patients with benign gastrinomas and was useful in their perioperative management. Higher doses of the agent (500 to 800 micrograms per day) had no effect on metastases in one of two patients with metastatic gastrinoma. In the other patient, one tumor shrank but the other continued to grow after three months of treatment while serum gastrin levels did not change. Cultured metastatic tumor tissue from this patient released different forms of gastrin; growth rates varied, independent of uptake of SMS 201-995, and gastrin release increased. A neonate with nesidioblastosis maintained normal blood glucose levels while receiving SMS 201-995 therapy following a 95 percent pancreatic resection. In two elderly patients with organic hypoglycemia--one with a single benign adenoma and one with multiple adenomatosis--the somatostatin analogue did not prolong the hypoglycemia-free interval. In nine patients with carcinoid syndrome, flushing was uniformly controlled with 50 micrograms of SMS 201-995 administered every eight to 12 hours. One of the nine required exocrine pancreatic replacement. After six months of treatment, three of the nine had no change in tumor size and one had remission of symptoms and stopped treatment. In two patients with vipoma, SMS 201-995 controlled diarrhea and reduced levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide; tumor necrosis occurred in one patient. In a patient with diabetic diarrhea unresponsive to all treatments, SMS 201-995 therapy controlled the diarrhea but did not interfere with control of the diabetes.
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PMID:Somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) in the management of gastroenteropancreatic tumors and diarrhea syndromes. 287 47

Four patients with advanced endocrine malignancies were treated with a somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) for palliation of hormone-induced symptoms during 3-6 months. Two had the carcinoid syndrome (one midgut and one foregut), one had medullary thyroid carcinoma and an ectopic ACTH syndrome, and one patient had a metastatic gastrinoma. The carcinoid patients had excellent symptomatic relief with a low dose of the drug, 50 micrograms subcutaneously twice daily, in one case despite progression of tumour disease and biochemical tumour markers. These findings indicate an action of the drug not only on hormonal release but also at peripheral sites. The patient with medullary thyroid carcinoma had relief of gastrointestinal symptoms when the drug dose was increased (100 micrograms twice daily). The levels of ACTH in peripheral blood were reduced, but not the calcitonin levels. The gastrinoma patient had undergone a major pancreatic resection (Whipple procedure) and was treated with omeprazole. SMS 201-995 reduced the peripheral gastrin levels acutely, but during the treatment fasting gastrin values increased, and the tumour growth progressed. Treatment was stopped owing to elevated fasting glucose level, increased steatorrhoea, and clinical attacks of cholangitis. Special attention is advocated for patients with major pancreatic resection and biliary reconstruction, who may be susceptible to physiological effects of somatostatin (or its analogues)--that is, impaired insulin release and decreased motility.
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PMID:The use of a long-acting somatostatin analogue in the treatment of advanced endocrine malignancies with gastrointestinal symptoms. 289 Nov 86

The aim of this retrospective study was to correlate the results of hormonal immunocytochemistry of 46 endocrine tumors to the corresponding clinical syndromes in 24 patients. They were divided as following: 14 cases of insulinoma, 3 cases of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 1 case of glucagonoma, 1 case of carcinoid syndrome and 5 cases without any obvious endocrine manifestations. Each tumor was tested with anti-insulin, anti-glucagon, anti-pancreatic polypeptide, anti-vasoactive intestinal peptide, anti-gastrin immune sera according to the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The presence of insulin was proved in 13 of 14 cases of insulinomas and the presence of gastrin in 2 of 3 cases of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Among the 5 asymptomatic cases, a somatostatinoma and a vipoma were individualized. More than 50 p. 100 of the tumors showed plurihormonal secretion with one predominantly secreted hormone responsible for the clinical syndrome. This study demonstrated the diversity of the hormonal secretion by some tumors and their metastasis in the same patient. Malignant insulinomas correspond either to poorly secreting tumors or to plurihormonal tumors secreting gastrin and glucagon as well.
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PMID:[Hormone immunocytochemical studies of 46 endocrine tumors of the pancreas in 24 patients]. 301 9

Multicentric gastric carcinoids develop infrequently in association with atrophic gastritis, achlorhydria, and hypergastrinemia. These unusual tumors, thought to arise from proliferation of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, have not been shown to secrete any measurable biogenic amines and usually grow slowly. Hypergastrinemia, which results from antral G cell stimulation secondary to atrophic gastritis, is believed to be the trophic stimulus, but alternative explanations include production of gastrin-releasing factor (GRF) or gastrin per se by the tumor. We recently encountered two patients with pentagastrin-resistant achlorhydria and multiple gastric carcinoids. Neither had symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. Urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and serum human pancreatic polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and motilin values were normal. Fasting gastrin values were nearly 1800 pg/ml. Antrectomy and regional lymphadenectomy was performed in each patient. The tumors were locally invasive with penetration through the submucosa. One patient had regional lymph node involvement, and one had an isolated hepatic metastasis. Immunohistochemical stain tests were positive in both patients for neuron-specific enolase and chromogranin, with focal positive staining for gastrin and serotonin. Serum gastrin levels decreased to less than 25 pg/ml after antrectomy. Evaluation with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy examination 4 to 6 months after antrectomy showed complete regression of disease in one patient and residual neoplasm in one patient, despite normal serum gastrin levels. Additional studies with careful long-term follow-up will be needed to determine whether antrectomy eliminates the hypergastrinemia associated with enterochromaffin-like hyperplasia and leads to regression of disease.
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PMID:Antrectomy for multicentric, argyrophil gastric carcinoids: a preliminary report. 319 32

Eight ovarian heterologous Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors containing gastrointestinal-type cells, including two tumors that contained carcinoids, were stained for argyrophilia and argentaffinity; in addition, these specimens were stained by immunohistocytochemical techniques for the demonstration of chromogranin, serotonin, and a variety of peptide hormones. Intestinal- and gastric-type epithelial and carcinoid cells within the tumors were focally argyrophilic and chromogranin-positive, but only intestinal-type epithelial and carcinoid cells contained argentaffin granules, serotonin, and corticotropin. Somatostatin, gastrin, neurotensin, and glucagon were demonstrated additionally in varying numbers of specimens containing intestinal-type epithelium and carcinoid, and somatostatin was present in gastric-type epithelium in one case. Staining for calcitonin and insulin was negative. Despite the frequent identification of serotonin and peptide hormones in the tumors in the present series, evidence of the carcinoid syndrome or syndromes associated with peptide hormone excess was lacking on review of the patients' records.
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PMID:Ovarian heterologous Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors with gastrointestinal-type epithelium. An immunohistochemical analysis. 375 27


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