Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plasma levels of a variety of hormones have been measured in patients within two hours of the onset of symptoms of myocardial infarction and before commencement of any treatment. Increased plasma concentrations were found for norepinephrine, epinephrine, glucagon, aldosterone, vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide, corticotrophin, prolactin, cortisol and substance P while plasma renin activity was raised. The plasma concentrations of insulin, growth hormone, neurotensin, bombesin and vasointestinal peptide were normal.
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PMID:Hormonal response in untreated myocardial infarction. 210 97

To assess the influence of enteric factors on insulin action, seven lean healthy subjects were studied under conditions of hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp, double isotope administration, and enteral vs. parenteral glucose infusion. In random order, glucose and mannitol radiolabeled with [2-3H]glucose were infused intraduodenally for 4 h while the systemic rate of glucose turnover was assessed by [6-14C]glucose. During the final hour of the study, plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, cholecystokinin, and neurotensin were similar under both experimental conditions. Despite an increase in gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentration during combined enteral and iv glucose infusion to levels that mimicked meal ingestion, total glucose infusion rate, insulin-induced stimulation of glucose uptake, and insulin-induced suppression of hepatic glucose release were comparable to those observed during iv glucose administration. These data indicate that under conditions of modest hyperinsulinemia and euglycemia, gastric inhibitory polypeptide did not influence hepatic or extrahepatic insulin action.
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PMID:Lack of effect of gastric inhibitory polypeptide on hepatic and extrahepatic insulin action. 211 May 75

The endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the musk shrew were studied immunohistochemically. Eleven kinds of endocrine cells, immunoreactive for serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin, cholecistokinin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, motilin, secretin, neurotensin, pancreatic glucagon, enteroglucagon and bovine pancreatic polypeptide, were revealed. In the stomach, serotonin-, somatostatin-, gastrin-, pancreatic glucagon- and enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected. The first three types of cells predominated and were more abundant in the pyloric glands than in the other stomach regions. In the small intestine, all types of endocrine cells were found, each having different distributions and relative frequencies. In the large intestine, 10 types of endocrine cells except cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cells were detected. Serotonin- and bovine pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells were more numerous in the large intestine than in the small intestine.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study on the distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the musk shrew, Suncus murinus. 213 60

In the present study of 45 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, the frequency and clinical importance of the release of multiple gastrointestinal peptides were assessed prospectively. During an initial evaluation, extent of gastrinoma, clinical symptoms, disease duration, and presence or absence of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type I (MEN-I) were assessed. All patients had determinations of fasting plasma gastrin, human pancreatic polypeptide, motilin, neurotensin, and somatostatin; 35 had determinations of insulin and gastrin-releasing peptide and 21 had determinations of glucagon. A plasma elevation of additional peptides besides gastrin was detected in 62%, with 44% having one, 18% having two, and 0% having three additional peptides elevated. Motilin was elevated in 29%, human pancreatic polypeptide in 27%, neurotensin in 20%, and gastrin-releasing peptide in 10%, whereas insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin were not elevated in any patient. The presence or absence of elevation of any peptide did not differ in patients with or without MEN-I, with gastrinoma size, with the presence or absence of metastatic disease, or with various clinical symptoms. Patients were assessed yearly for clinical evidence of a secondary symptomatic pancreatic endocrine tumor syndrome with a median follow-up of 146 and 84 months from onset or diagnosis, respectively. Only one patient (2% of patients) developed a second syndrome (rate, 2 patients per 100 patients observed for 10 years). These results demonstrate that the plasma elevation of multiple gastrointestinal peptides is common in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome; however, the rate of developing a second symptomatic pancreatic endocrine tumor syndrome is much lower than generally believed. Furthermore, no evidence is found to support the conclusions that the detection of the plasma elevation of these peptides is clinically important in assessing MEN-I status, disease extent, or presence of metastatic disease or that elevated levels of motilin, neurotensin, gastrin-releasing peptide, or human pancreatic peptide are associated with any distinct clinical symptoms. Therefore, we recommend that plasma concentrations of these additional gastrointestinal peptides should not be assessed routinely but rather only if new symptoms develop.
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PMID:Multiple hormone elevations in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Prospective study of clinical significance and of the development of a second symptomatic pancreatic endocrine tumor syndrome. 222 72

The gastrointestinal tract of the King's skink (Egernia kingii) was examined for the presence of fifteen regulatory peptides, two proteinases and an amine by immunohistochemical methods. Immunoreactivity was detected for somatostatin, gastrin, motilin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide, pepsinogen and serotonin, but not for avian pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory peptide, secretin, cholecystokinin, enteroglucagon, pancreatic glucagon, gastrin-releasing polypeptide, neurotensin, vasoactive inhibitory polypeptide, leu-enkephalin or chymosin. The six peptides detected in E. kingii have been previously found in the gastrointestinal tract of squamate reptiles; however, immunoreactivity for other peptides previously detected in squamates, in particular another skink, was not observed. In addition, chromogranin was found to be effective in the detection of endocrine cells though its specificity was unknown.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of endocrine cells of the alimentary tract of the King's skink (Egernia kingii). 225 71

The present study evaluates the acute and chronic use of a long-acting somatostatin analog, octreotide acetate, in the treatment of patients with severe postgastrectomy dumping syndrome. In the acute phase, 10 patients with severe dumping were studied over 2 consecutive days before and for 3 hours after the ingestion of a 'dumping breakfast' in a randomized double-blind fashion. On one day octreotide (100 micrograms) was given subcutaneously 30 minutes before the test meal and on the other day an equal volume of vehicle was injected. An additional group of six postgastrectomy patients without dumping were studied in a similar fashion and these acted as controls. During placebo treatment the test meal resulted in an immediate increase (p less than 0.01) in the pulse rate and in plasma levels of glucose, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, neurotensin, and insulin. Similar changes were seen in the control group with respect to placebo; however glucagon and neurotensin (p less than 0.05) did not show the same magnitude of increase as seen with placebo. Treatment with octreotide acetate prevented the development of both vasomotor and gastrointestinal symptoms and completely ablated all of the above responses in plasma peptides. These changes were associated with complete ablation of diarrhea (p less than 0.001). Pretreatment with octreotide acetate completely suppressed the rise in plasma insulin response to the meal and this ablated the late hypoglycemia of dumping. Treatment with octreotide acetate resulted in delayed gastric emptying and transit time (578 +/- 244 minutes) versus 76 +/- 23 minutes with placebo and 125 +/- 36 minutes in controls (p less than 0.05). Chronic daily treatment with octreotide acetate resulted in minimal side effects. These patients demonstrated a stable fasting plasma glucose, normal liver function tests, and an average weight gain of 11% during a 12-month period. In addition most patients were able to resume employment. The long-acting somatostatin analog, octreotide acetate, is highly effective in preventing the development of symptoms of severe dumping syndrome, both vasomotor and gastrointestinal.
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PMID:Efficacy of octreotide acetate in treatment of severe postgastrectomy dumping syndrome. 225 59

The long acting somatostatin analogue octreotide acetate has been effective in the treatment of early dumping syndrome. We hypothesized that this may be related to its effects on inhibiting gastric emptying and delaying intestinal transit. To study the effect of octreotide acetate on intestinal motility in patients we carried out a randomized, double-blinded study using a subcutaneous injection of either octreotide acetate (100 micrograms) or placebo given 20 min prior to ingestion of a high carbohydrate "dumping" meal in six patients with known severe dumping syndrome. Prior to each study a multilumen polyethylene tube was inserted into the efferent limb to study small intestinal contractions using low compliance pneumo-hydraulic water-perfused manometry. Octreotide acetate prevented dumping symptoms in all six patients and induced the appearance of migrating myoelectric complexes (MMC) characteristic of interdigestive motility. After ingestion of the dumping meal the postprandial "fed" motility pattern lasted for 141 +/- 9 min while after octreotide acetate the fed motility lasted for 29 +/- 5 min (P less than 0.03). The vigor of the fed motility pattern as measured by the motility index (MI = loge (sum of amplitudes X No. of contractions + 1] was lower after octreotide acetate than after placebo (15.1 +/- 0.1 vs 13.4 +/- 0.2, P less than 0.03). The induction of fasting MMC motility pattern and reduction in the duration and vigor of fed motility may explain the symptomatic relief these patients obtained with octreotide acetate. It is not known whether the induction of the MMC is a direct effect of octreotide acetate or secondary to the concomitant inhibition of peptide release (neurotensin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide) that has been demonstrated in earlier studies.
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PMID:Octreotide acetate induces fasting small bowel motility in patients with dumping syndrome. 226 84

Immunohistochemistry was performed on biopsies of columnar mucosa from 11 patients with Barrett's esophagus and 11 patients with columnar mucosa in the cranial esophagus, the "inlet patch." Both epithelia contained endocrine cells, immunoreactive to antisera against serotonin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide; the specialized mucosa of Barrett's esophagus contained, in addition, neurotensin-immunoreactive cells, and in the mucosa of an inlet patch we found a gastrin cell. These findings are not compatible with some of the current theories on the origin of these epithelia. The mucosa of the inlet patch has been considered to consist of heterotopic gastric mucosa. The mucosa of the adult human stomach, however, does not contain glucagon cells. These cells are only present in the early embryonic stomach, and they disappear during embryonogenesis. According to our findings, the mucosa of the inlet patch therefore represents embryonic gastric mucosa. The specialized columnar epithelium of Barrett's esophagus has been considered to have evolved from gastric mucous neck cells. However, although glucagon cells are a feature of the embryonic stomach, neurotensin-immunoreactive cells have not been found in the gastric mucosa. Our study suggests that the specialized columnar epithelium of Barrett's esophagus originates from a very immature multipotent gastrointestinal stem cell.
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PMID:Distinct immunohistochemical findings in columnar epithelium of esophageal inlet patch and of Barrett's esophagus. 229 98

The Mastomys (Praomys natalensis) species are a unique natural model in which the bioactivity of gastric carcinoids may be studied. Several investigators have previously demonstrated that these tumors contain large amounts of histamine. In this study we investigated the presence of peptides associated with the neoplasm. The levels and location of gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), neurotensin, peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), glucagon, bombesin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SRIF) were investigated by radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry. In addition the distribution of these peptides were evaluated in the gastrointestinal tract of young and old animals to investigate possible age-related changes. PYY and enteroglucagon (EG) were significantly (P less than 0.001) elevated in both tumor tissue (676 +/- 152, 551 +/- 164 pmol/g) and plasma (620 +/- 160, 500 +/- 147 pmol/l) of tumor-bearing animals. Immunocytochemistry revealed PYY- and EG-like immunoreactivity in 20-30% of tumor cells. A significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in bombesin was noted in older animals, but no changes in gastric tissue content of PYY or EG could be detected between young and old animals. Gastrin was not detected in tumors and there were no significant changes in tissue or plasma levels with age. Small bowel concentrations of VIP and PYY were higher in the older mastomys (P less than 0.05). In contrast, colonic levels of bombesin, VIP, somatostatin and PYY were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in older mastomys compared with young. The age-related changes in several peptides may reflect an adaptive response to acid hypersecretion. The multi-hormonal character of these neoplasms suggests that these tumors develop from a pluripotential stem cell.
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PMID:Significance of gastric endocrine tumor and age-related gut peptide alterations in Mastomys. 232 98

The ileocaecal junctions of 5 horses and 2 donkeys were examined by using antisera to the following peptides: somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Antisera to somatostatin, neurotensin and NPY demonstrated endocrine cells in the ileal- and caecal parts of the ileocaecal junction, while immunoreactivity for glucagon was demonstrated in endocrine cells of the ileal part only. Nerve cell bodies showing immunoreactivity to SP, VIP, CGRP and PHI were demonstrated in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses and were associated with small blood vessels in the submucosa of all the regions tested. Ramified nerve fibres in the submucosa immunoreactive to SP, VIP, CGRP and PHI extended to the mucosa and to small blood vessels in the submucosa. Nerve fibres showing immunoreactivity to SP, VIP and PHI extended to the circular smooth muscle layer of the ileocaecal junction.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of various peptide-containing endocrine cells and neurones at the equine ileocaecal junction. 233 94


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