Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although the histological features and endocrine cells of the gastro-intestinal tract of the chicken have been well studied, little is known about these features of the gut of the ostrich. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the histology and peptide-storing endocrine cells of the ostrich. As a rule the histological features of the gastro-intestinal tract of the ostrich corresponded to that of the fowl. However, certain differences were observed. The superficial proventricular glands were simple, branched tubular glands, while the deep proventricular glands were restricted to a slipper-shaped area and extended into the muscularis mucosae. The gizzard had a variably developed muscularis mucosae, a feature that seems to be unique to the ostrich. The villi of the small intestine were long and branched profusely, forming a labyrinthine surface. No Paneth cells were observed. The mucosa of the ceca and the first part of the rectum was thrown in large circular folds, forming a compressed spiral. Numerous melanocytes were seen in the submucosa and the connective tissue around the bloodvessels of the muscle layers at the tips of the ceca. A well developed subserosa was present throughout the gastro-intestinal tract. Endocrine cells immunoreactive to somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, bombesin, neurotensin, substance P and pancreatic polypeptide were detected in the gastro-intestinal tract of the ostrich. The topographical distribution of those endocrine cells immunoreactive to glucagon, bombesin, neurotensin and substance P differed from that of the chicken. The results of this investigation inferred that at least one of the gut peptides of the ostrich (secretin) to be structurally different from its counterparts in mammal and chicken. Molecular heterogeneity of somatostatin was observed in endocrine cells situated in the deep ventricular glands of the ostrich.
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PMID:A light microscopic and immunocytochemical study of the gastrointestinal tract of the ostrich (Struthio camelus L.). 233 97

Atrophy of the exocrine pancreas was induced in rats by feeding a copper-deficient diet combined with penicillamine. The treatment resulted in significant decreases in the weights of pancreas and stomach but an increase in the weight of the small intestine compared with control animals receiving the same amount of food. Despite almost total destruction of acinar cells, the content of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, (VIP) and substance P in the pancreas was not different from controls but the total somatostatin increased by 258% and the glucagon content by 370%. Significant decreases (p less than 0.05) in the concentrations (pmol/g) of VIP, substance P and somatostatin in the small intestine were observed but the total amount (pmol/organ) of the peptides was unchanged. Similarly, an increase (59%) in the concentration of gastric somatostatin in exocrine atrophy was not reflected in a significant difference in the total amount. The content of enteroglucagon in the small intestine was not different in the two groups suggesting that this material was not the trophic influence leading to increased intestinal weight.
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PMID:The effect of pancreatic acinar atrophy upon the concentration of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, somatostatin and glucagon in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract of the rat. 241 Mar 16

The regional distribution and relative frequency of argyrophil cells, and of cells immunoreactive for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), substance P (SP), somatostatin, glicentin, glucagon, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), gastrin, leucine-enkephalin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin, secretin, motilin, and neurotensin were studied in 9 segments from the gastrointestinal tract of cows (greater than 1 year old) and calves (less than 3 months old). Argyrophil cells, 5-HT-immunoreactive cells, and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, whereas the other immunoreactive cells were more restricted in distribution. Most endocrine cells were more numerous in the calf than in the cow. This feature was most conspicuous in the abomasum. In the abomasum, argyrophil cells in the cow and calf and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells in the calf were found predominantly in the fundic region, whereas somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and gastrin-immunoreactive cells in the cow and calf and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells in the cow were most numerous in the pyloric region. Substance P-, glucagon-, BPP-, and leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive cells were rarely detected. In the small intestine, argyrophil cells, 5-HT-, SP-, somatostatin-, gastrin-, GIP-, cholecystokinin-, secretin-, and motilin-immunoreactive cells were most numerous in the duodenum. Neurotensin-, glicentin-, glucagon-, and BPP-immunoreactive cells were detected with the highest frequency in the ileum. In the large intestine, argyrophil cells and 5-HT-, glicentin-, BPP-, somatostatin-, glucagon-, and SP-immunoreactive cells occurred with the highest frequency in the rectum.
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PMID:Histologic and immunocytochemical study of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the cow and calf. 241 Nov 74

The distribution of immunoreactive neuropeptides was investigated in the retina of three species of skates (Raja clavata, R. radiata, R. oscellata), elasmobranch fish often used in electrophysiological work on the retina. Enkephalins, neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P and glucagon were found in different types of amacrine cells. All four peptides appeared in cell bodies in the innermost part of the inner nuclear layer. Processes from the cells containing enkephalins were numerous and ramified throughout the inner plexiform layer. Processes from the cells containing glucagon were thick and rare, and were found throughout the inner plexiform layer, at times with a predominance in sublaminae 1 and 4. NPY-immunoreactive fibres appeared mainly in sublamina 1 but also in 2 or 3, and substance-P-immunoreactive fibres in sublaminae 1, 4 and 5. Antisera against somatostatin, VIP or neurotensin did not show any immunoreactivity in the skate retina.
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PMID:Retinal neuropeptides in the skates, Raja clavata, R. radiata, R. oscellata (Elasmobranchii). 241 6

Three dimensional analysis of retinal neuropeptides and monoamine-containing amacrine cells were performed on flat-mount preparations of the chick retina by using indirect immunofluorescence method. somatostatin (SOM), neurotensin (NT), leu-enkephalin (ENK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP), glucagon (GLC), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were examined with specific antisera. To localize these substances in the amacrine cells, and to see in which layers their processes arborize, frozen sections were examined. There were four patterns of distribution. (1) Substances with more immunoreactive cells in the central than in the peripheral portions (SOM, NT, VIP, SP, GLC, 5HT), (2) Substances with more immunoreactive cells in the peripheral portion than in the central portion (APP), (3) Substances for which such cells were evenly distributed (TH), and (4) Substances with more immunoreactive cells in the inferior than in the superior portion (CRF). Subtypes were identified among the amacrine cells containing single peptides or monoamine.
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PMID:Three dimensional analysis of retinal neuropeptides and amine in the chick. 241 65

The effects of substance P (SP) and SP-(6-11) (SP6-11) on hormone secretion from the isolated perfused pancreas were compared in rats and dogs under the same conditions. In the rat, SP inhibited insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner in a concentration range of 0.1-10 nM. Glucagon secretion was inhibited at a minimal dose of 10 nM SP. No significant effect on somatostatin secretion was obtained. SP6-11 exhibited the identical inhibitory potency as SP on both insulin and glucagon release from the rat pancreas. In the canine pancreas, by contrast, 1 and 10 nM SP and SP6-11, respectively, potentiated the release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Potentiation by SP6-11 was less than that by SP. These results demonstrate species differences in the effects of SP and SP6-11 on the release of pancreatic hormones.
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PMID:Effects of substance P and substance P-(6-11) on hormone release from isolated perfused pancreas: their opposite actions on rat and canine islets. 241 2

This immunohistochemical study of chicken retina using flat-mounts shows that pancreatic glucagon- and substance P-like immunoreactive amacrine cells have more heterogeneous subpopulations than was previously understood to be the case. Using double-staining immunohistochemical procedures we demonstrate that a substantial proportion of all subtypes of glucagon-like immunoreactive cells contain substance P-like immunoreactivity and that the ratio of the amacrine cells containing both peptides to total immunoreactive cells varies according to position in the retinal and cell type. These results suggest that retinal cells may have different functions according to position or cell type.
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PMID:Co-existence of glucagon- and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the chicken retina. 241 58

The cochleae of juvenile guinea pigs were investigated for the presence of several neuropeptides. Glucagon, insulin, CCK and beta-endorphin immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibers as well as hair cells were demonstrated by the peroxidase antiperoxidase technique. Small amounts of substance P were also found in different sites in the inner ear. In contrast, prolactin-like material could not be found at all. These findings have significance with regard to the putative role of neuropeptides in neuromodulation.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical detection of peptides in the guinea pig cochlea. 242 64

Light microscopic immunocytochemistry was used to study the morphology of cells that showed immunoreactivity (IR) to antisera against substance P (SP), glucagon (GLU), met enkephalin (ENK), and somatostatin (SS) in the retina of the larval tiger salamander. Both vertical sections and retinal whole mounts were studied. All four antisera labeled amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer and cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). GLU-IR cells had processes stratified throughout the inner plexiform layer (IPL), whereas the other three types had bistratified projections in laminae 1 and 5, with lamina 5 being broader and more dense. Two types of SS-IR amacrine cell were observed. As seen in retinal whole mount, most GLU-IR and ENK-IR amacrine cells had processes that were symmetrically distributed about the soma, whereas processes of SS- and SP-IR amacrine cells were markedly asymmetrical. The dendritic fields of SP-IR amacrine cells were selectively oriented toward the periphery of the retina in the nasal, temporal, and dorsal areas. Immunoreactive cells in the GCL had fine projections into the IPL and in addition gave rise to two large oriented processes proximal to the soma that projected in opposite directions for 100-200 microns. The oriented processes often showed further branching; they appeared to be along the radiated lines from the optic disc but did not enter it. The implications of the selectively oriented processes of SP-IR amacrine cells and cells in the GCL are discussed.
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PMID:Neuropeptide-like immunoreactive cells in the retina of the larval tiger salamander: attention to the symmetry of dendritic projections. 242 42

The neuropeptides Substance P, beta-Endorphin, Prolactin, Cholecystokinin, and Glucagon were investigated by means of Sternbergers PAP technique in the neuroepithelium of the Maculae utriculi and sacculi of the labyrinth of newborn guinea pigs. This brief report will show the localization of some neuropeptides in the neuroepithelium of the Maculae utriculi and sacculi. We could not find information about similar studies on this topic in the literature. In connection with investigations of the sensory apparatus of the inner ear we have recently presented neuropeptides evidence for the presence of certain peptides in the Ggl. spirale and the hair cells of the organ of Corti. With this paper we continue to report on neuropeptides in the labyrinth of the juvenile guinea pig as revealed by immunohistochemistry (Nowak et al., in press).
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PMID:Neuropeptides in macula utriculi and macula sacculi of guinea pig labyrinth. An immunohistochemical study. 242 38


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