Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The plasma concentrations of gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), gut glucagon-like-immunoreactivity (gut GLI), insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) were studied following the ingestion of a protein rich meal in late pregnancy and postpartum in 11 normal women. In pregnancy, the fasting plasma concentrations of glucose (mean +/- SEM in pregnancy: 4.1 +/- 0.1 mmol l-1, postpartum: 4.7 +/- 0.1 mmol l-1, P less than 0.01), gut GLI (25 +/- 3 v. 33 +/- 2 pmol-eqv l-1, P less than 0.01), and PP (7.9 +/- 1.0 v. 13.0 +/- 1.2 pmol l-1, P less than 0.01) were decreased, gastrin and GIP unaltered, and insulin (90 +/- 9 v. 72 +/- 5 pmol l-1, P less than 0.05) and glucagon (17 +/- 1 v. 13 +/- 1 pmol l-1, P less than 0.01) increased. The gastrin, GIP and glucagon responses to the meal were unaffected by pregnancy, whereas the responses of gut GLI (integrated responses in pregnancy: 1217 +/- 325 pmol-eqv l-1, postpartum 2223 +/- 404 pmol-eqv l-1, P less than 0.05) and PP (9801 +/- 1440 v. 14,078 +/- 1543 pmol l-1, P less than 0.01) were impaired and the insulin response enhanced (27,973 +/- 6814 v. 11,409 +/- 3102 pmol l-1, P less than 0.01) in pregnancy. The physiological implications of these findings are at present not known in detail. They may, however, be important for the altered carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy and also for the changes occurring during gestation in gastrointestinal physiology.
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PMID:Gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones in normal pregnancy: response to a protein rich meal. 680 Aug 4

The true biological role of gut glucagon-like immunoreactive materials (gut GLI) is still unknown, although the stimulatory effect of intraluminal nutrients on the secretion of gut GLI has been described. The present authors, using the canine intestinal loop prepared from the terminal portion of the ileum, investigated how gut GLI would respond to digestive juice or its components. When bladder bile collected from another dog and diluted to 10% in saline was instilled into canine ileal loop, gut GLI in a branch of regional mesenteric vein was elevated significantly. Cholic acid suspended in saline (0.25 g/50 ml) also stimulated gut GLI secretion in the similar pattern to that of bile administration. On the other hand, 154 mM NaHCO3 which is a major inorganic component of pancreatic juice did not affect the venous level of gut GLI.
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PMID:Effect of intraluminal bile or bile acids on release of gut glucagon-like immunoreactive materials in the dog. 682 42

The effect of intraileal instillation of bile, a stimulant of gut glucagon-like immunoreactive materials (gut GLI), on secretin-stimulated pancreatic secretion was examined in anesthetized dogs. Intraileal bile significantly inhibited the flow rate of secretin-stimulated pancreatic secretion. The inhibition of pancreatic secretion was accompanied by an elevation of plasma concentration of gut GLI. Taking the inhibitory effect of glucagon on pancreatic exocrine secretion into consideration, it could be reasonably postulated that gut GLI may be a mediator of bile-induced ileal inhibition of pancreatic exocrine function.
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PMID:Inhibition of pancreatic exocrine secretion and augmentation of the release of gut glucagon-like immunoreactive materials by intraileal administration of bile in the dog. 684 66

The purpose of this investigation is to elucidate the relationship between the time course of pharmacologic effects and drug disposition after administration of metformin, an oral antidiabetic drug of biguanides. Alloxan diabetic rats and normal rats were used in the experiments. After administration of metformin, plasma glucose levels, blood pyruvate levels, blood lactate levels, plasma pancreatic glucagon immunoreactivity (pancreatic GI) and plasma gut glucagon like immunoreactivity (gut GLI) were determined as well as serum concentrations of metformin. In alloxan diabetic rats, gut GLI levels were significantly correlated to the logarithm of tissue metformin levels, calculated from serum metformin levels. The blood lactate, pyruvate and plasma glucose levels were also linearly related to gut GLI levels, after metformin administration. It was also clarified that metformin did not inhibit the intestinal absorption of glucose and that metformin presumably inhibited the hepatic gluconeogenesis. It is reasonable to consider that the effect of metformin on the gut GLI level is the primal effect, and that other pharmacologic effects such as plasma glucose lowering, blood lactate and pyruvate increasing effects are the consequences of the primal effect, at least in alloxan diabetic rats. While in normal rats, plasma gut GLI levels were not significantly related to metformin tissue levels, however, plasma glucose levels were considerably correlated with the logarithm of the plasma or tissue metformin levels. These results indicated that the effect of gut GLI was entirely masked by endogeneous insulin, which might be secreted by metformin administration.
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PMID:Pharmacologic effects of metformin in relation to its disposition in alloxan diabetic rats. 686 42

In the goose, alanine and arginine, intravenously or orally administered, act in the same way on pancreatic hormones; they both stimulate insulin and glucagon secretions. Conversely, whereas alanine treatment has no effect on plasma gut GLI, oral arginine stimulates gut GLI secretion. Since stimulation of gut GLI secretion does not occur with i.v. arginine, it may be assumed that this secretion depends on the intestinal transit of arginine and, as already described (Sitbon and Mialhe 1979), of glucose. The results, compared with studies on a similar species (duck) and on mammals, point out that i.v. infusion of alanine stimulates IRI and GLI secretions in the goose and not in the duck. In the same way, arginine i.v. infusion, contrarily to the observation made in the duck, is without effect on gut GLI secretion in the goose. Furthermore, insulin seems to be able to inhibit the alpha cell response to arginine infusion, as in mammals, whereas this is not the case in ducks.
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PMID:Effects of amino-acids on pancreatic hormones and gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity in the goose. 689 41

Antisera having a strong and strictly constant cross-reactivity for gut-GLI were raised in seven rabbits immunized with immunogen, a conjugate of BSA and des-Asn28, Thr29, Homoser27 -glucagon (CNBr-glucagon). All of the anti-CNBr-glucagon sera exhibited titer and affinity for glucagon sufficiently high enough to develop a sensitive radioimmunoassay. The relative crossreactivity of the antisera to gut-GLI was comparable to that of antiserum K-4023 which strongly crossreacted with gut-GLI. One of the anti-CNBr-glucagon sera, OAL-196, did not react with the glucagon 19-29 fragment at all. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 3.8-5.0 and 6.0-7.3%, respectively, in the radioimmunoassay system for total GLI in human plasma using OAL-196. The fasting plasma total GLI was 374 +/- 18 pg/ml. The plasma total GLI during 50 g oral glucose load in normal subjects increased significantly, whereas the plasma IRG level measured with the anti-glucagon 19-29 serum, OAL-123, assay system was lowered. In the gastrectomized subjects, plasma total GLI measured with the present assay system elicited a marked increase following an oral glucose load. These results suggest that the radioimmunoassay using anti-CNBr-glucagon sera will be useful in measuring plasma total GLI.
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PMID:Production of antisera to des Asn28 Thr29 Homoser27-glucagon; the development of radioimmunoassay for total glucagon-like immunoreactivity in human plasma. 689 34

Rabbits and guinea pigs were immunized monthly with a glucagon-bovine plasma albumin conjugate prepared at a molar ratio of 12: 1 using 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-carbodiimide as the coupling agent. The animals were bled regularly two weeks after inoculation and the resulting glucagon antisera analyzed for titre, affinity and specificity. Immunization of rabbits resulted in the production of large amounts of high affinity glucagon antibodies which in two out of five animals reacted between 3 and 7% with GLI (glucagon-like immunoreactivity). Antibody titre and affinity rose rapidly in the majority of rabbits attaining near maximal values by 10 weeks. In comparison, the conjugate displayed enhanced immunogenicity in the guinea pig, and antibody titre and affinity which were already several fold higher at 10 weeks continued to rise progressively during the 26 week period of immunization. Antisera raised in guinea pigs reacted particularly strongly with GLI, and antibodies derived from one particular animal yielded practically identical dilution curves with glucagon and GLI. The present study clearly demonstrates the potential of the glucagon-carbodiimide-albumin conjugate for the production of valuable glucagon antisera in rabbits and guinea pigs. Such antisera are eminently suitable for radioimmunoassay and metabolic studies. Furthermore, it is concluded that the guinea pig is a particularly useful species for the rapid production of very high quality cross-reacting glucagon antisera.
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PMID:Stimulation of antiglucagon antibodies in rabbits and guinea pigs using a glucagon-carbodiimide-albumin conjugate. 697 Dec 18

Effect of the infusion of acetylcholine on the secretion of gut glucagon immunoreactivity (gut GI) that was measured using C-terminal specific glucagon antiserum after pancreatectomy, and gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity (gut GLI) that was obtained by subtracting GI from total glucagon-like immunoreactivity (total GLI) which was measured using non-specific glucagon antiserum, was investigated in sixteen pancreatectomized dogs untreated with insulin, in order to demonstrate whether the secretion of gut GI and gut GLI is influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system. During the infusion of acetylcholine at a rate of 10 microM/kg/min, gut GI in the femoral venous blood showed a significant increase from the basal value of 181 +/- 22 pg/ml to a maximum of 569 +/- 107 pg/ml at 30 min (p less than 0.01), and "true gut GI secretion increment" in the portal venous blood showed a maximum significant increase of 916 +/- 144% at 30 min from the basal value (p less than 0.001). However, gut GLI showed no significant change. One shot administration of atropine at a rate of 15 micrograms/kg could significantly inhibit the stimulatory effect of acetylcholine on gut GI (p less than 0.05--0.001). It is concluded that the parasympathetic nervous system might play an important role in the control mechanism of the release of gut GI, but not of gut GLI in pancreatectomized dogs untreated with insulin.
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PMID:Effect of acetylcholine on the secretion of gut glucagon immunoreactivity and gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity in pancreatectomized dogs. 699 93

The serum or plasma concentrations of gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), gut glucagon-like-immunoreactivity (gut GLI), secretin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) were recorded simultaneously following the ingestion of a normal, mixed meal in seven healthy, normal weight men. The concentrations of PP and gastrin increased within 10 min. Subsequently GIP, insulin, glucagon, and gut GLI increased in the order mentioned. The mean concentrations of secretin and VIP were not affected by the meal, athough transient decreases in secretion concentrations could be detected in all subjects. The concentrations of the other hormones remained elevated for 4 hr or more. Perhaps the period of observation following food stimulation of gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones should be extended.
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PMID:Simultaneous recording of the gastro-entero-pancreatic hormonal peptide response to food in man. 699 94

Pancreatic-type glucagon (PTG) has been found in the plasma of totally pancreatectomized human beings. Arginine infusion, however, caused no increase in PTG. Pancreas-resected patients had a normal response of PTG to arginine and a subnormal increase in C peptide. Gut glucagon-like immunoreactants (gut GLI) were increased in resected patients and further increased in totally pancreatectomized patients. Gut GLI showed no change during arginine stimulation.
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PMID:Immunoreactive glucagon and insulin C-peptide in man after resection of the pancreas and total pancreatectomy. 699 5


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