Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) fractions from plasma of 8 normal subjects and 4 patients with glucagon secreting tumors were studied by gel filtration techniques on Bio Gel P--30 and Sephadex G--50 columns. The pancreatic glucagon specific anti serum (30K) of Unger was utilized to measure IRG. Columns were calibrated with labelled albumin, proinsulin, insulin and glucagon. Four peaks were defined in normal and tumor bearing patients: peak I (greater than 20 000 mol. wt.), peak II (primarily 9000 mol. wt.), peak III pancreatic glucagon (3500 mol. wt.) and peak IV small gucagon (less than 3500 mol. wt.). Glucagonoma patients differed from our normal and reported normal subjects in that peak II contained most of the circulating IRG. The percent of IRG associated with peak II was 9.5--31.5% in normals and 39.1--61.2% in glucagonomas. Glucagon-like biological activity in an isolated hepatocyte system was demonstrated for all peaks. However, relative to immunoreactivity, peak II showed reduced activity (25--33%). Immunoassay of dilutions of all peaks revealed the probability of immuno determinants identical with procine pancreatic glucagon. The presence of heterogenous IRG peaks with biological glucagon-like activity suggest that the larger molecules may be prohormones. Further, it is possible that specific elevation of peak II may be a diagnostic feature of glucagonomas.
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PMID:Plasma immunoreactive glucagon fractions in four cases of glucagonoma: increased "large glucagon-immunoreactivity". 18 97

Hypergastrinemia and hyperglucagonemia follow portacaval shunt (PCS) or cirrhosis in man and experimental animals. The cause is unknown although portal diversion and hepatic dysfunction are suggested. In these studies transhepatic techniques were used to define the hepatic handling of basal and arginine-stimulated gastrin and glucagon levels in sham-operated and portacaval-shunted pigs and in a group of pair-fed sham-operated pigs. After PCS, basal gastrin levels were lower than those in sham-operated animals but were also lower in the pair-fed group, suggesting that the change resulted from partial starvation. Arginine-stimulation caused a rise in hepatic venous levels in PCS and in pair-fed pigs and in portal venous levels in sham-operated pigs. These data also suggested a response to diminished intake in PCS pigs. There was an immediate transitory rise in portal immunoreactive glucagon (Unger 30K) after PCS and a subsequent rise from the 4th postoperative day in all circulations. Arginine stimulation caused in sham-operated and PCS pigs a biphasic rise in the portal circulation and a later rise in the arterial circulation in PCS pigs. These data suggest that the effect of PCS upon gastrin levels is associated with the impaired appetite while the effect upon glucagon is the result of diversion past the liver.
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PMID:Transhepatic hormone levels in the portacaval shunted pig--the effects of arginine upon gastrin and glucagon release. 29 Feb 69

In an attempt to determine the ability of rat submaxillary glands to synthesise glucagon via protein intermediates, isolated cells from these glands were incubated in vitro with 3H-L-tryptophan and the acid-ethanol extracts of the cells were purified on Bio-Gel P-30 columns. Aliquots of the eluates were incubated with a C-terminal glucagon antiserum (30K) and the radioactivity bound to the glucagon antibody appeared to be distributed among proteins of Molecular weight greater than 40.14 and 3.5 Kdaltons. A similar elution pattern was obtained in the presence of urea (7 mol/l) and guanidine hydrochloride (6 mol/l). To determine the molecular weight of the immunoreactive material eluting before the 3.5 Kdalton polypeptide, aliquots of the cell extracts were immunoprecipitated and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polypeptides of 125.8, 63.1, 42.6 and 14.4 Kdaltons were obtained. These polypeptides incorporate more radioactive tryptophan with increase in the time of incubation. Pulse-chase experiments with unlabelled tryptophan, cycloheximide-treatment of isolated cells and limited tryptic digestion of the larger glucagon immunoreactive component, transform it into a 3.5 Kdalton polypeptide with immunological characteristics indistinguishable from pancreatic glucagon. These results suggest that the larger molecule contains glucagon and thus may serve as a precursor or an intermediate of extrapancreatic glucagon biosynthesis.
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PMID:Evidence of glucagon biosynthesis involving protein intermediates in rat salivary glands. 651 May 94

Pieces of human salivary glands were homogenised with acid-ethanol or acid-saline solutions immediately after surgical removal. With both extraction procedures the immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) content in the submaxillary glands was greater than in parotid glands as determined with a C-terminal reactive glucagon antiserum (30K). Higher amounts of IRG were determined in acid-saline extracts of submaxillary (18.5 +/- 2.5 VS 8.9 +/- 1.2 ng/g wet weight) and parotid (3.5 +/- 0.3 VS 2.9 +/- 0.3 ng/g wet weight) glands compared with concentrations obtained with acid-ethanol extracts. IRG material extracted with the latter procedure has similar immunological and biological characteristics as pancreatic glucagon. After fractionation of the acid-ethanol extracts on P-30 columns or gel electrophoresis, an immunoreactive peak of 3500 daltons was always obtained. Arginine, ephinephrine and low glucose concentrations stimulated glucagon release from both salivary glands. Active glucagon biosynthesis by these glands was established by the incorporation of 3H-L-tryptophan into a 3500 daltons polypeptide with specific immune reaction with 30K antiserum. These findings indicate that human salivary glands represent a source of extrapancreatic glucagon in man and may therefore contribute to the circulating levels of this hormone.
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PMID:Synthesis and release of glucagon by human salivary glands. 699 16

Significant amounts of glucagon immunoreactivity (GI) and glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) were found in two portions of the canine brain-the hypothalamus and brain stem. Ratios of GLI to GI were low in the hypothalamus, and variable but low in the brain stem. Dilution curves of the extracts from both regions showed similar patterns to that of glucagon in radioimmunoassay using specific (30K) and cross-reacting (YG9) antisera. The hypothalamic extract contained a larger amount of 3,500 MW fraction comparable to glucagon and a lesser amount of 9,000 MW fraction resembling proglucagon. While displacement of 125I-glucagon from the rat liver cell membrane by the main fraction of the hypothalamus was compatible with that of glucagon, activation of adenylate cyclase by the hypothalamus extract was higher than glucagon and that by the extract of the brain stem was lower than glucagon. Although purification was not sufficient and specific binding of circulating glucagon to the brain has not been overlooked, the hypothalamic extract at least contains material immunologically and probably biologically resembling glucagon.
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PMID:Glucagon-like substance in the canine brain. 722 15