Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study was designed to examine the contribution of the postprandial increase of plasma amino acids after ingestion of a protein-rich meal to the rise of the three pancreatic hormones insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP). A mixed amino acid solution was designed, which permitted a fairly close imitation of the arterial plasma pattern of the 21 amino acids that rise after ingestion of a 200-g porcine steak meal. In 10 healthy subjects the intravenous infusion of this mixed amino acid solution at a rate of 10 g/h elicited a rise of the 21 amino acids examined that correlated well with the postprandial increase (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). The maximal rise of plasma insulin (64 +/- 5 pmol/L) and glucagon (630 +/- 21 ng/L) was not significantly different from the postprandial increase of these two hormones (49 +/- 4 pmol/L and 780 +/- 28 ng/L, respectively). PP levels rose by 316 +/- 33 ng/L postprandially, which was clearly above the increase of 112 +/- 13 ng/L during intravenous amino acids (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that the postprandial rise of amino acid levels in arterialized venous plasma can account for most if not all of the postprandial increase of insulin and glucagon during the ingestion of a protein-rich meal. In contrast, only 35% of postprandial PP levels can be ascribed to the rise of plasma amino acids. In contrast to the effect of carbohydrate-rich meals, an enteric augmentation of insulin release seems to be of minor and possibly of no importance during ingestion of protein-rich meals.
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PMID:Contribution of postprandial amino acid levels to stimulation of insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide in humans. 144 57

A 69-year-old man complaining of longstanding hearing loss and mild otorrhea was found to have a mass obliterating the external auditory canal and polypous tympanic mucosa with accompanying absence of the tympanic membrane and ossicular chain. Tumors excised from the external auditory canal and tympanum showed histologic features essentially characteristic of a carcinoid tumor: a ribbon or festoon arrangement of tumor cells, formation of anastomosing cords and glandular spaces, presence of numerous argyrophilic as well as argentaffin secretory granules within many of the tumor cells, and ultrastructural evidence of neurosecretory granules in the tumor cell cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was found to contain not only neuronal marker substances such as neuron-specific enolase, S-100 protein and chromogranin A, but also serotonin and multiple peptide hormones such as pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, cholecystokinin and leucine-enkephalin. A review of the pathology of 17 previous cases of carcinoid of the middle ear suggested that this type of carcinoid may have a variegated hormone profile among carcinoids of foregut origin, and hormonally may resemble ileal carcinoid arising from the midgut, although their histogenetic origins may differ, because of frequent production of serotonin.
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PMID:Carcinoid tumor of the middle ear containing serotonin and multiple peptide hormones. A case report and review of the pathology literature. 144 56

Nine healthy subjects were studied on two separate occasions, at least two weeks apart, using the glucose clamp technique to produce a gradual hypoglycaemia. Glucose thresholds for neuroendocrine and symptom responses varied up to 1.5 mmol/l between subjects. There was a significant correlation between individual glucose thresholds on day 1 and 2 for adrenaline (p = 0.0008), growth hormone (p = 0.007) and pancreatic polypeptide (p = 0.02), and for autonomic (p = 0.018) and neuroglycopoenic (p = 0.023) symptoms, whereas no significant correlations were found for glucagon and cortisol. The mean intra-individual differences in glucose thresholds between day 1 and 2 were 0.22 mmol/l for the hormones and 0.25 mmol/l for the symptoms. We conclude that healthy subjects differ in hypoglycaemic thresholds, and that the difference reflects individual variation.
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PMID:Reproducibility of glycaemic thresholds for activation of counterregulatory hormones and hypoglycaemic symptoms in healthy subjects. 145 53

Endocrine abnormalities in patients with chronic renal failure are well documented. The present study aimed to assess the influence of long-term erythropoietin (EPO) therapy on endocrine abnormalities in haemodialyzed patients. Two groups of haemodialyzed patients, each of which comprised 17 subjects, were examined. The first one treated by EPO (EPO group) while the second one did not receive this hormone (NO-EPO group). A complete biochemical and hormonal check-up was performed before and at the 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of the study period. Normal values for the estimated parameters were obtained in appropriately selected sex and age-matched healthy subjects. After EPO therapy an increase of the haematocrit value from 21.8 +/- 0.9% to 32.6 +/- 0.9% was observed which was accompanied by a significant decline of plasma ferritin and saturation of transferrin. In patients of the NO-EPO group a significant although less marked rise of the haematocrit value (21.4 +/- 0.4% to 24.2 +/- 0.6%) was also noticed. EPO therapy did not change electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, inorganic phosphate), osteocalcin, creatinine, glucose and alkaline phosphatase plasma levels as well as plasma concentrations of calcium related hormones (PTH, calcitonin, 1.25(OH)2D3) and vasopressin (AVP). EPO treatment induced a significant decline of somatotropin (HGH), prolactin (PRO), follitropin (FSH), lutropin (LH), ACTH, cortisol, plasma renin activity, aldosterone, insulin (IRI), glucagon (IR-G), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and gastrin plasma levels and an increase of plasma estradiol, testosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). These EPO induced endocrine alterations were restricted mostly to the first 6 months of EPO administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Influence of long-term erythropoietin therapy on endocrine abnormalities in haemodialyzed patients. 145 6

The application of immunohistochemical technique with antisera for glucagon (Glu), insulin (Ins), somatostatin (Som) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) to serial sections of the cat pancreas permitted the quantitative evaluation of the population of 4 endocrine cell types and that of the area, larger diameter and density of islets. The pancreas was divided macroscopically into the 4 portions, duodenal, gastric, anastomotic and splenic. The duodenal portion was characterized by the localization of PP-immunoreactive (IR) cell-rich islets, the dissemination of PP-IR cells in the exocrine parenchyma and the absence of Glu-IR cells. In the duodenal portion, the area, the larger diameter and the density of islets were significantly smaller than those in the other 3 portions. On the contrary, the other 3 portions were marked with the deficiency of PP-IR cells and the existence of Glu-IR cell-rich islets. Ins-IR cells, identified as compact cell masses without any other types of cells, occupied a major part of every islet, composing much the same population throughout the 4 portions. The Som-IR cell population appeared to be closely in parallel with the Glu-IR cell population in all of the portions. It is concluded that all islets are similar in the Ins-IR cell population, but different in the complementary arrangement of Glu- and PP-IR cells. Based on this difference, 2 types of islets can be classified.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical morphometry of pancreatic islets in the cat. 147 65

Acarbose is a pseudotetrasaccharide of bacterial origin which, in a competitive and reversible way, inhibits intestinal alphaglycosidase. Following such mechanism of action, carbohydrates are not split to monosaccharides and, therefore, cannot be absorbed as easily as in normal conditions. Controlled clinical trials have shown the therapeutic usefulness of Acarbose in the treatment of mon-insulin dependent as well as insulin dependent Diabetes, specially in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Acarbose when it is used in a diet with a time-schedule and calorie distribution typical of a Spanish environment. A cross-over simple-blind study design was followed, in which 8 healthy volunteers, with ages between 23 and 29 years, took at 8:30 a.m. a 530 Kcal breakfast (18% of the daily total), at 13:30 p.m. a 1.400 Kcal lunch (40%), and at 21:00 p.m. a 1.070 Kcal dinner (36%). Before each of the meals 100 mg of Acarbose (or placebo, following a randomized distribution) were administered, and blood samples were drawn-10, 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes, in which glucose levels, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon were determined. When Acarbose was administered statistically significant differences in glycemia and insulin postprandial figures were observed. It is concluded that when Acarbose is administered at a 100 mg dose (t.i.d.) together with a diet with a typically spanish calorie distribution and time-schedule, it produces a significant lowering in the postprandial glucose and insulin raises.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Effect of acarbose on glycemia and pancreatic hormone secretion induced by usual meals in Spain]. 148 14

Little is known about peptide-storing endocrine cells in the gut of the Nile crocodile. As in the case of other reptiles, particularly the alligator, a limited range of peptide-storing cells was found in the gut of the crocodile. They were somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, neurotensin and pancreatic polypeptide. The topographical distribution of cells immunoreactive to somatostatin and gastrin in the gut of the crocodile is comparable to the situation in the alligator. Glucagon and neurotensin immunoreactive cells have a much wider distribution in the gastro-intestinal tract of the crocodile compared to the alligator. Cholecystokinin and bombesin cells previously reported in the small intestine of the alligator were not detected in this study. This is the first report to demonstrate pancreatic polypeptide and serotonin immunoreactivity in the gut of a crocodilian specie.
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PMID:Bioactive peptides and serotonin in the gut endocrine cells of the crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti 1768): an immunocytochemical study. 151 92

The cellular location of glucokinase (GK), a key component of the glucose-sensing mechanism of the pancreatic islet, was determined using immunocytochemical techniques. In rat islets, GK immunoreactivity was detected only in beta cells with no immunoreactivity detected in alpha, delta, or pancreatic polypeptide-containing (PP) cells. However, within various beta cells, GK immunoreactivity varied considerably. Most beta cells displayed relatively low levels of cytoplasmic immunoreactivity whereas other beta cells stained intensely for this enzyme. Colocalization studies of GK and GLUT2, the high Km glucose transporter of beta cells, confirmed that these proteins are located in different subcellular domains of beta cells. The lack of GK immunoreactivity in glucagon- and somatostatin-secreting cells in islets suggests that these cells are not directly responsive to glucose or utilize a fundamentally different mechanism for sensing glucose fluctuations. Moreover, the differential expression of GK among pancreatic beta cells suggests that glucose phosphorylation is the probable enzymatic control point for the functional diversity of these cells.
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PMID:Heterogeneous expression of glucokinase among pancreatic beta cells. 155 65

The plasma concentrations of seven gut regulatory peptides were measured in 11 infants suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Samples were taken at the time of the acute illness, upon reintroduction of feeding, and three months after recovery. These results were compared with controls. In the infants with diarrhoea, a massive increase in the fasting plasma mean (SEM) concentrations of enteroglucagon was found at the time of illness (1292 (312) v 79 (27) pmol/l), with concentrations of pancreatic glucagon, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, and motilin also being increased (17.8 (3.1) v 6.3 (1.1) pmol/l, 114.6 (15.2) v 37.0 (11.0) pmol/l, 217.6 (44.1) v 98.5 (18.3 pmol/l) respectively). The preprandial concentrations of motilin were found to be still increased at recovery (183.9 (35.4) pmol/l), but the concentrations of the other three peptides had returned to normal values. No differences in plasma concentrations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neurotensin, or pancreatic polypeptide were found. An increased intestinal permeability was demonstrated at the time of diarrhoea by the urinary ratio of lactulose to mannitol, suggesting simultaneous gut damage. The effects of regulatory peptides may be relevant to the pathophysiology of gastroenteritis in infants.
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PMID:Gut regulatory peptides and intestinal permeability in acute infantile gastroenteritis. 157 47

Pancreas transplantation, when successful, is the only reproducibly effective method to normalize glycemia without the use of exogenous insulin treatment in patients with diabetes mellitus. Worldwide success rates for combined pancreas and kidney transplantation are approximately 70%, and patient survival rates are approximately 90% one year postoperatively, although certain institutions have higher rates. Benefits of this procedure include normalization of fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1C, glucose-induced insulin secretion, and intravenous glucose tolerance. Improvements are observed in glucose recovery following insulin-induced insulin hypoglycemia, glucagon secretion during hypoglycemia, kidney structure, and both motor and sensory nerve function. However, no benefits are accrued in pancreatic polypeptide secretion, kidney function, and the retinal pathology of diabetes mellitus. Further progress in these therapeutic results must await improvements in drugs for induction of immunosuppression, methods to induce immune tolerance, or provision of the operative procedure to patients less compromised preoperatively with secondary complications of diabetes.
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PMID:Pancreas transplantation as therapy for diabetes mellitus. 158 May 98


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