Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunocytochemical application of the antimuscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibody M35 to pancreas tissue revealed the target areas for the parasympathetic nervous system. Immunoreactivity in the endocrine pancreas was much higher than that in the exocrine part. Moreover, the endocrine cells at the periphery of the islets of Langerhans displayed the highest level of immunoreactivity. Based on these findings in the mantle of the islets, two types of islets have been distinguished: type-I islets with intensely stained mantle cells, and type-II islets with a much lower concentration of these cells. On average, type-I islets were larger (244.8 microns +/- 6.1 SEM) than type-II islets (121.5 microns +/- 3.8 SEM). M35-immunoreactivity was present on the majority of D cells, which were characterized by their immunoreactivity to somatostatin [of 446 D cells 356 (79.8%) were M35-immunopositive]. However, only a small proportion of the intensely stained mantle cells belonged to the D cell population. Therefore, it is concluded that the majority of the intensely stained mantle cells represent glucagon-secreting A and/or pancreatic polypeptide-secreting F cells. The intensity of M35-immunoreactivity at the periphery and central core of the islets paralleled the density of cholinergic innervation, suggesting a positive correlation between the intensity of cholinergic transmission and the number of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors at the target structures. The present study further revealed some striking parallels for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor characteristics between the (endocrine) pancreas and the central nervous system.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the rat endocrine pancreas. 135 50

The concentrations of immunoreactive (IR) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in 218 neuroendocrine tumors were determined by CRH radioimmunoassay. The tumors examined were 86 pancreatic endocrine tumors (PET), 22 neuroblastic tumors (NBT), 26 carcinoid tumors (CA), 24 pheochromocytomas (PHEO), 40 small cell lung carcinomas (SCLC) and 20 medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC). IR-CRH was detectable in 21 neuroendocrine tumors (10 PET, four NBT, three CA, two PHEO and two SCLC) at levels of 10-2,700 ng/g wet weight (9.6%). The 21 patients with these CRH-producing tumors showed no clinical symptoms suggestive of Cushing's syndrome. The levels of plasma IR-CRH extracted by immunoaffinity chromatography were < 7.5 pg/ml in five normal subjects and a patient with a neuroblastic tumor containing 55 ng/g wet weight IR-CRH, but in a patient with a thymic carcinoid tumor containing 1,000 ng/g wet weight IR-CRH, the plasma level was elevated to 180 pg/ml. This patient did not have Cushing's syndrome nor an elevated plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) level. The concentrations of nine peptides (growth hormone-releasing hormone, somatostatin, ACTH, calcitonin, gastrin-releasing peptide, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide tyrosine and pancreatic polypeptide) were determined in extracts of the 21 IR-CRH-producing tumors. Some of these peptides were frequently found to be produced concomitantly with CRH. The results indicate IR-CRH to be produced by various neuroendocrine tumors, but Cushing's syndrome, due to the CRH, to be very rare. The results also show that CRH-producing tumors produce multiple hormones.
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PMID:Production of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in various neuroendocrine tumors. 135 72

Pancreatic endocrine cells were examined by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to discuss the co-localization of peptides in one cell type. A cells were irregular in shape with an occasional long cytoplasmic process, and contained glucagon-immunoreactive granules with various contours. These granules were 160-300nm in diameter with various density, and also immunoreactive to anti-human pancreatic polypeptide (PP) serum. A part of them were further immunoreactive to anti-somatostatin serum. B cells were round to elliptical in shape, and often aggregated around the capillaries. Granules of B cells were round to irregular in shape, 270-410 nm in diameter, and immunoreactive to anti-insulin serum. D cells were irregular in shape with meager cytoplasm, and contained somatostatin-immunoreactive granules. These granules were ovoid or teardrop in shape, 140-250nm in longitudinal diameter, and immunoreactive to both anti-somatostatin and anti-human PP sera. PP cells were round to spindle-shaped, and contained human PP-immunoreactive round granules 150-35nm in diameter. These findings reveal the existence of at least 4 types of endocrine cells secreting glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and PP, respectively, in the newt pancreas, and suggest the co-localization of some of these peptides in one cell type.
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PMID:[Immunocytochemical studies on the pancreatic endocrine cells in the Japanese newt (Cynopus pyrrhogaster)]. 136 Apr 8

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a potent mitogen for adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture, has previously been shown to be primarily expressed in the nonparenchymal cells of the liver. Using polyclonal antisera against human and rat HGFs we studied the tissue distribution of HGF immunohistochemically and found the most intense staining in the pancreas islet cells in both man (autopsy cases) and the rat. Differential localization of 4 pancreas islet hormones, glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide, revealed HGF to be preferentially expressed within the glucagon-positive cells. The results indicate that HGF is primarily produced or stored in A-cells and may act as a growth factor in a paracrine and an endocrine fashion, like various other hormones.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of hepatocyte growth factor protein in pancreas islet A-cells of man and rats. 136 29

Ordinary histological investigation has suggested that heterotopic pancreas of the stomach may have two types of histogenesis; one is development from immigrated fetal pancreas tissue, and the other is development from primitive gastric mucosal epithelium following penetration into the submucosa with subsequent erroneous differentiation into pancreas tissue. It is suspected that type-I lesions include the majority of cases caused by immigration from fetal pancreas, and that some type-II cases arise through erroneous differentiation of primitive gastric mucosal epithelium. With regard to immunohistochemical findings, cells positive for pancreatic polypeptide and amylase were much more numerous in the acini of type-I cases compared with type-II cases. Positive cells were found not infrequently in the acini of type-II cases after staining for pancreatic polypeptide, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, serotonin, and gastrin. On the other hand, a small number of cells in islets were not infrequently positive for alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, and amylase. It is considered that in the heterotopic pancreas, ductal cells have the potential to differentiate into acinar cells and islet cells, as is the cases in the orthotopic pancreas.
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PMID:Heterotopic pancreas of the stomach. Histogenesis and immunohistochemistry. 137 53

The endocrine pancreas of the Australian brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) was investigated by means of immunocytochemistry using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. This was a light microscopic study using this established technique. Serial paraffin sections were stained individually with primary antibodies for glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP), showing the same islet. Cells immunoreactive to glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and PP were found in endocrine islets. PP cells appear to be scattered amidst the exocrine portion also. Insulin immunoreactive cells were located in the central region of islet, glucagon in the periphery, somatostatin in periphery and had elongated processes. PP cells were more sparse and located both in the periphery of islet and amidst the exocrine tissue. These results can then be related to a similar study in the same marsupial, but using the immunofluorescence technique and to studies in other marsupials such as grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crasicaudata) and the American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). These investigations are part of a study in Australian mammals.
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PMID:A light-microscopic immunocytochemical study of the endocrine pancreas in the Australian brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). 138 Aug 58

A total of 24 patients with endocrine neoplasms of the pancreas were clinicopathologically and immunohistochemically studied. They consisted of 18 patients with adenoma and 6 with carcinoma. Of the 24 patients, 13 developed attacks of hypoglycemia due to hyperinsulinemia, and 1 developed an uncontrollable duodenal ulcer caused by the hypersecretion of gastrin, however, the remaining 10 were asymptomatic. No prediction could be made as to the site of origin of the tumors. A clear difference was seen between adenoma and carcinoma in the size of the mass, the mean greatest diameter of the 18 adenoma cases being 1.7 cm, while that of the 6 carcinoma cases was 7.3 cm. One of the 13 insulinomas and a gastrinoma was malignant, while all 24 tumors were positive for neuron-specific enolase. The 13 insulinomas were diffusely positive for insulin and 5 were also shown to be focally immunoreactive for gastrin, with 3 also being immunoreactive for somatostatin and 2 for pancreatic polypeptide. The gastrinoma showed immunoreactivity for somatostatin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, and glucagon in addition to a positivity to gastrin. The above findings thus indicate the multiple hormone synthesis of endocrine neoplasms of the pancreas.
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PMID:Endocrine neoplasms of the pancreas: a clinicopathologic study of 24 cases and immunohistochemical remarks. 139 40

The endocrine cells of the pancreas develop from the endoderm and yet display several characteristics of a neuronal phenotype. During embryonic life, ductal epithelial cells give rise to first the glugagon-producing cells (alpha-cells) and then cells that express insulin (beta-cells), somatostatin (delta-cells), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP-cells) in a sequential order. The endocrine cells are believed to arise from a stem cell with neuronal traits. The developmental lineage from a common neuron-like progenitor is evidenced by: transient coexpression of more than one cell type-specific hormone in immature cells, expression of neuronal markers during islet cell development, and the pluripotentiality of clones of insulinoma cells to develop into cells expressing other islet cell hormones. The four mature endocrine cell types assume a particular organization within the islets of Langerhans in a process where cell adhesion molecules are involved. In this study we have analyzed the expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and cadherin molecules in neonatal, young, and adult rat islet cells as well as in glucagonomas and insulinomas derived from a pluripotent rat islet cell tumor. Whereas primary islet cells at all ages express unsialylated NCAM and E-cadherin, as do insulinomas, the glucagonomas express the polysialylated NCAM, which is characteristic for developing neurons. The glucagonomas also lose E-cadherin expression and instead express a cadherin which is similar to N-cadherin in brain. Insulinoma cells express E-cadherin but differ from primary islet cells by expressing a second cadherin molecule, which is similar to N-cadherin. The expression of NCAM and cadherin isoforms in the glucagonoma suggest that this transformed alpha-cell type has converted to an immature phenotype with strong neuronal traits, reflecting the early palce of glucagon-producing cells in the islet cell lineage. In contrast, insulinoma cells are more islet-like in their phenotype and show less neuronal traits.
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PMID:Differential expression of neural cell adhesion molecule and cadherins in pancreatic islets, glucagonomas, and insulinomas. 140 10

The aim of this study was to determine if differing concentrations of insulin can modify the counterregulatory response to equivalent hypoglycemia. Insulin was infused intraportally into normal 18-h-fasted conscious dogs at 2 (low, n = 6) or 8 mU.kg-1.min-1 (high, n = 7) on separate occasions. This resulted in steady-state arterial insulin levels of 80 +/- 8 and 610 +/- 55 microU/ml, respectively. Glucose was infused during the high dose to maintain plasma glucose similar to low (50 +/- 1 mg/dl). Despite similar plasma glucose levels, epinephrine (2,589 +/- 260, 806 +/- 180 pg/ml), norepinephrine (535 +/- 60, 303 +/- 55 pg/ml), cortisol (12.1 +/- 1.5, 5.8 +/- 1.2 micrograms/dl), and pancreatic polypeptide (1,198 +/- 150, 598 +/- 250 pg/ml) were all increased in the presence of high-dose insulin (P < 0.05). Glucagon levels were similar during both insulin infusions. Hepatic glucose production, measured with [3-3H]-glucose, rose from 2.6 +/- 0.2 to 4.7 +/- 0.3 mg.kg-1.min-1 in response to high insulin (P < 0.01) but remained unchanged, 3.0 +/- 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1, during low-dose infusions. Six hyperinsulinemic euglycemic control experiments (2 or 8 mU.kg-1.min-1, n = 3 in each) provided baseline data. By the final hour of the high-dose euglycemic clamps, cortisol (2.4 +/- 0.4 to 4.8 +/- 0.8 micrograms/dl) and norepinephrine (125 +/- 34 to 278 +/- 60 pg/ml) had increased (P < 0.05) compared with baseline. Plasma epinephrine levels remained unchanged during both series of euglycemic studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of differing insulin levels on response to equivalent hypoglycemia in conscious dogs. 141 87

The coexistence of immunoreactivities to cholecystokinin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1, salmon pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide tyrosine, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine was studied immunocytochemically, revealing for the first time in fish intestine the existence in the same cell of immunoreactivities to cholecystokinin-glucagon/glucagon-like peptide 1, cholecystokinin-salmon pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon/glucagon-like peptide 1-salmon pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon/glucagon-like peptide 1-neuropeptide tyrosine, salmon pancreatic polypeptide tyrosine tyrosine, and glucagon/glucagon-like peptide 1-peptide tyrosine tyrosine. Colocalization of cholecystokinin-salmon pancreatic polypeptide was observed only in the pyloric caeca of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, while the other colocalizations also occurred in proximal and middle intestinal segments. In all cases, endocrine cells immunoreactive to only one of the paired antisera were detected except for anti-glucagon and anti-glucagon-like peptide 1, which always immunostained the same cells.
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PMID:Some peptide-like colocalizations in endocrine cells of the pyloric caeca and the intestine of Oncorhynchus mykiss (Teleostei). 142 2


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