Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of an infusion of natural motilin on the rate of gastric emptying of a standard breakfast was studied in 5 subjects using Caesium 129-tagged resin particles. Emptying rates were measured on 4 separate days. On 2 days, the subjects receive only saline (controls), while on the other 2 days a motilin infusion of 0.34 pmol/kg/min for 60 min, followed by 0.68 pmol/kg/min for 60 min, was given. All infusions were blind and given in random order. At the end of the low-dose motilin infusion 31 +/- 4% of the meal had emptied, compared with 17 +/- 2% with saline infusion (P less than 0.01). A similar effect was also seen with the high-dose infusion. Plasma motilin concentrations rose from a basal of 68 +/- 13 pmol/liter to 126 +/- 10 pmol/liter during low-dose motilin infusion and to 170 +/- 11 pmol/liter during the high dose. No significant change in basal or postprandial levels of glucose, gastrin, pancreatic glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory peptide, enteroglucagon, or vasoactive intestinal peptide was noted, but postprandial insulin release was greater during motilin infusion.
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PMID:Effect of motilin on the rate of gastric emptying and gut hormone release during breakfast. 37 76

A 45-year-old man was operated for surgical treatment of a long-standing peptic ulcer disease and upon inspection of the pancreas for suspected Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, tumor nodules were found in this organ. The tumor tissue examined by immunofluorescence showed specific staining only after incubation with anti-pancreatic polypeptide. Negative results were obtained with antisera directed against insulin, pancreatic glucagon, somatostatin, GLI, VIP, secretin, and gastrin. Examination of the tissue by electron microscopy revealed a homogeneous population of small granule-containing cells. This case, therefore, illustrates a tumor composed of one single hormone-producing cell type and allows definition of the ultrastructural features of human pancreatic polypeptide-containing cells.
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PMID:Human islet cell tumor storing pancreatic polypeptide: a light and electron microscopic study. 37 22

Carbohydrate metabolism is regulated by the anabolic action of insulin and by the catabolic effect of glucagon. Catabolic actions predominate in diabetes mellitus. Somatostatin exeits a diabetogenic action by inhibition of insulin release. The physiologic role of pancreatic polypeptide is unknown.
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PMID:[Endocrine pancreas function and diabetes mellitus]. 37 87

The distribution of peptide hormone-like immunostaining in the gastrointestinal tract of 11 teleost species was investigated by immunofluorescence. Cells immunoreactive for somatostatin were found in the glandular epithelium of the stomach of four species and in the epithelium of the pyloric appendage of one species. The mid-gut epithelium contained cells reactive with antibodies to glucagon (three species), gastrin (five species), pancreatic polypeptide (five species), and substance P (two species). Cells immunoreactive for met-enkephalin were found in the epithelium of both the mid-gut and the stomach of six species. In six species in which the endocrine pancreas was investigated, insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was observed. Pancreatic polypeptide was definitely localised by immunostaining in cells of the endocrine pancreas of only one out of three species examined. Vasocative intestinal polypeptide-, neurotensin-, bombesin-, and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was identified in the gastrointestinal nerve fibres in various species. In view of the considerable species variation found, caution should be exercised in generalising about the peptides present in the gastrointestinal tract of fish.
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PMID:Peptide hormone-like immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine pancreas of eleven teleost species. 38 3

Five tumors associated with the complete glucagonoma syndrome, as well as a series of glucagon-cell adenomas from three patients without this syndrome, were investigated by light and electron microscopy and by immunofluorescence. All tumors associated with the syndrome were large, from 3 to 35 cm along the major axis, and three of them were proved to be malignant. No common histologic arrangement of tumor cells was apparent for the five neoplasms examined. Immunofluorescent staining for glucagon and glicentin was carried out: while most cells were negative, a varying number of scattered cells were positive with both antisera in all tumors except one; three tumors contained more glicentin- than glucagon-immunoreactive cells. Moreover, three tumors were multihormonal, witn cells positive for pancreatic polypeptide and/or insulin. Ultrastructurally, the secretory granules of cells from these tumors were not typical of those found in A-cells from adult human islets. The glucagon-cell tumors from patients without the syndrome were benign, usually multiple, and were small, with diameters from 0.5 mm to 1 cm. In most cases, the cells from these neoplasms arranged in a characteristic pattern (ribbonlike or "gyriform"). In most tumors, the majority of cells showed both glucagon and glicentin immunofluorescence and the ultrastructural appearance of their secretory granules was similar to that of normal islet A-cells. From the morphologic point of view, therefore, cells from tumors not associated with the glucagonoma syndrome resemble normal glucagon cells more closely than those from tumors associated with the syndrome.
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PMID:A study of glucagonomas by light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. 38 56

By using both immunofluorescence and peroxidase-anti-peroxidase procedures to detect cells producing the four islet hormones, supplemented by biochemical, biological, and radioimmunological assays of tissue extracts, it has been shown that insulin seems to be the most original hormone, apparently occurring already in invertebrates in cells of open type in the alimentary tract mucosa. Insulin cells also predominate in the first islet organ, namely that of the cyclostomes. The order of appearance in the endocrine pancreas during the subsequent evolution is: somatostatin; glucagon; and the pancreatic polypeptide. Even in lower vertebrates pancreatic polypeptide cells occur in those parts of the pancreas situated in close proximity to the gut.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical studies of the evolution of islet hormones. 38 30

Three-dimensional reconstructions of islets of Langerhans, based on immunofluorescent staining of successive serial sections with antiserums to insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide reveal a marked difference in the number of cells containing glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide depending on the anatomical location of the islet in the pancreas. The two types of islets are situated in regions of exocrine tissue that are drained by different excretory ducts. This demonstration contradicts the assumption that all islets in the pancreas are similar in their endocrine cell content.
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PMID:Endocrine pancreas: three-dimensional reconstruction shows two types of islets of langerhans. 39 Jul 11

Complementing cytochemical and ultrastructural studies, immunocytochemistry may be used to define, in terms of immunoreactivity, the nature of the polypeptide(s) made and stored in the cells of the endocrine pancreas, islet or otherwise. Immunoserums are applied to histological sections after fixation of the material in Bouin's fluid, and in accordance with four protocols: indirect immunofluorescence, immuno-enzymatic technique, variants in prolonged primary incubation and the method of soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complexes. Certain precautions are essential for correct interpretation. In the adult, four essential immunoreactions, corresponding to hormones or "local hormones" are regularly detected:insulin, pancreatic glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide. The cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the cells involved are known (B, A and D cells for the first three specificities). C-peptide immunoreactivity is easily identified, but other immunoreactivities are more irregular or contested: gastrin, cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, ACTH, met-enkephalin.
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PMID:[Practical immunocytochemistry of the endocrine pancreas]. 39 37

Systematic sampling of human necropsy pancreases has revealed that pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells are not distributed equally in the gland. PP-cells are the most abundant cell type in the posterior part of the pancreatic head while they are scarce or absent in the remainder of the gland. The PP-rich part of the head can be separated by blunt dissection from the pancreas as a discrete lobe. This lobe probably originates from the ventral pancreatic bud during embryogenesis. A quantitative study of the immunofluorescent endocrine cell types (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide cells) in PP-rich and PP-poor regions of pancreases in 8 subjects with ages ranging from 33 fetal weeks to 80 years, showed that the proportions of the cell types were different in youngs and adults.
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PMID:Identification of a lobe in the adult human pancreas rich in pancreatic polypeptide. 39 2

Immunocytochemical techniques, applied to material fixed with Bouin's fluid and using immune sera specific to various hormonal polypeptide(s), give a classification of pancreatic and pancreatico-duodenal apudomas based upon cellular functional activity. With a rane containing a minimum of five antibodies (gastrin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide), 15 tumours could be identified amongst the 22 tested. They were either "monohormonal" tumours (10 cases) or "bi- or polyhormonal" tumours (5 cases). In the remaining 7 cases, only rare cells were immunoreactive. A large number of immunoreactivities thus revealed in histological sections are clinically silent or are present in a "forme fruste".
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PMID:[Immunocytochemistry of pancreatic and pancreatico-duodenal apudomas]. 39 71


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