Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 9 fetuses, 9 to 24 weeks-old, the occurrence and relative distribution of argentaffin cells, as well as of cells immunoreactive to somatostatin (SRIF), glucagon-like polypeptide (GLI), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and substance P (SP) were studied in five segments of the colon (appendix, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, and rectosigmoid). For each colonic segment, data concerned with the occurrence of endocrine cells were expressed either as mean absolute numbers of specific cells per entire mucosal section, or as cell densities per mm3 of mucosa after calculation of the mucosal volume of the sections. Argentaffin, GLI, SRIF and PP immunoreactive cells are all present in relatively large numbers, scattered along the entire length of the colonic mucosa as early as the 9th-10th week of gestation, whereas substance P-containing cells occur sporadically and first appear during the 4th-17th week. Until the 20th week, with progressing embryonic development, an increase was determined in absolute numbers per section of all types of endocrine cells in all segments of the colon. This observation is clearly related to the general growth of the colonic mucosa, since cell densities per mm3 of mucosa do not greatly change or even decrease during gestation. However, it is possible that densities of argentaffin, GLI and BPP cells increase in the appendix around the 14th-17th week of gestation. Between 20th and 24th weeks, absolute numbers of cells per section remain stable or slightly increase, while cell densities tend rather to decrease in all segments. These data demonstrate that some endocrine cells are present very early in the human fetal colon, but their functional significance remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Ontogeny and distribution of certain oendocrine cells in the human fetal large intestine. Histochemical and immunocytochemical studies. 51 32

The distribution of enteroendocrine cells showing immunoreactivities to four peptides and one amine was examined in the gastric mucosa of the opossum during postnatal development using specific immunocytochemical methods. Gastrin-, BPP-, glucagon-, somatostatin- and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were identified in the gastric mucosa of the newborn opossum. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the epithelial lining of the pylorus; glucagon-immunoreactive cells were seen only in the epithelium of the fundus. Somatostatin- and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were found in the epithelium of both fundic and pyloric regions. BPP-immunoreactive cells were the most numerous endocrine cell type seen in the gastric epithelium of the newborn opossum and although found mainly at the confluence of the fundic and pyloric regions, were confined primarily to the fundus in the one week old opossum and all older animals. A marked increase in all five immunoreactive cell types was seen by the end of the first postnatal week. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were the most numerous at this time and exceeded adult numbers. Both glucagon- and BPP-immunoreactive cells were confined to the fundic glands of older animals and showed the same pattern of decline with age. Somatostatin- and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells showed a shift in population from the fundus to the pylorus with age and together with gastrin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to a narrow zone at the bottoms of the gastric pits and the upper parts of the pyloric glands.
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PMID:Enteroendocrine cells in the developing opossum stomach. 332

The distribution and quantification of enteroendocrine cells exhibiting immunoreactivities to nine peptides and one amine were examined in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the adult opossum using specific immunocytochemical methods. In the stomach, 90% of the enteroendocrine cells are confined to the pyloric glands and this region contained 73% of the gastrin-containing cells, 60% of the somatostatin-containing cells and 9% of cells reactive for 5-HT. Enteroendocrine cells showing immunoreactivities to glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin and 5-HT were observed scattered within the oxyntic glands. Only somatostatin and 5-HT positive cells were found in the cardiac glands. Immunoreactivities to CCK, glucagon, gastrin, BPP, somatostatin, secretin, motilin, neurotensin, GIP and 5-HT were observed in the epithelium of the small intestine. Although considerable variation exists in the distribution of individual enteroendocrine cell types along the intestinal tract, nearly equal numbers of enteroendocrine cells were observed in each segment. The percentage of enteroendocrine cells increases distally in the colon. Of the three enteroendocrine cell types present, somatostatin- and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells are evenly distributed, whereas neurotensin-immunoreactive cells increase in numbers distally, resulting in an increase in total number.
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PMID:Quantitative distribution of enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the adult opossum, Didelphis virginiana. 407 99

A biologically active gastrin analogue, [125I](Nle11)-HG-13, appears to bind specifically to saturable binding sites on isolated rabbit gastric mucosal cells: Kd = 70 pM at pH 7.4 and at 37 degrees C. Increasing incubation temperature from +4 degrees C to +37 degrees C increased specific binding. Gastrin binding was shown to be reversible and the dissociation rate was enhanced with cold gastrin. The binding sites were saturated with 0.2 fmol of labelled gastrin per 10(6) mucosal cells. Gastrin binding was not inhibited by secretin, glucagon, Met-enkephalin, physalaemin, eledoisin, BPP, VIP, carbachol, histamine, atropine or cimetidine. Gastrin analogues (HG-4, HG-8, (Leu15)-HG-17), CCK-7 and gastrin antagonists (proglumide or benzotript) inhibited [125I](Nle11)-HG-13 specific binding. We concluded that isolated cells from rabbit gastric fundic mucosa contain high-affinity binding sites for a gastrin analogue (Nle11)-HG-13.
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PMID:High-affinity binding sites for gastrin on isolated rabbit gastric mucosal cells. 629 Feb 32

The gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) endocrine cells of the sheep were studied immunocytochemically and their distribution and frequency were determined. Eleven types of endocrine cells were revealed. In the abomasum, somatostatin-, gastrin-, glucagon- and glicentin-immunoreactive cells were detected with the highest frequency in the pyloric region. In the small intestine, somatostatin-, gastrin-, CCK-, motilin-, neurotensin-, secretin-, substance P-, glucagon-, glicentin- and BPP-immunoreactive cells were found and were most numerous in the duodenum except for neurotensin-, glucagon- and glicentin-immunoreactive cells which were more concentrated in the ileum. In the large intestine, somatostatin-, substance P-, glucagon-, glicentin- and BPP-immunoreactive cells were localized with the last three cell types being more concentrated in the rectum. In the pancreas, somatostatin-, glucagon-, glicentin-, BPP- and insulin-immunoreactive cells predominated within the islets and were also scattered in the exocrine portion and rarely detected in duct epithelial cells. The differences between the distribution and frequency of the GEP endocrine cells of the sheep and those of monogastric species are discussed.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical study of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine cells of the sheep. 638 Jan 88

Three nonargentaffin rectal carcinoids have been investigated immunohistochemically. In one case most tumor cells reacted with antiglucagon sera as well as with antiglicentin, antibovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), and antihuman pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) sera; they were identified ultrastructurally as L cells. Another case showed glucagon-, glicentin-, and BPP-immunoreactive cells but lacked HPP immunoreactivity. In the third case glucagon- and glicentin-immunoreactive cells were well represented, while PP immunoreactivities were scarce. Parallel investigations of human rectal and sigmoid mucosa showed numerous cells reacting with glucagon, glicentin, and BPP antisera, most of which lacked HPP immunoreactivity. Cells reacting with glucagon and glicentin antisera, while lacking PP immunoreactivities, were also found. Thus, both tumor and nontumor cells produce glucagonlike immunoreactive (GLI) peptides--one of which may be glicentin or a related molecule--as well as PP-related sequences, although differing histochemically and ultrastructurally from glucagon or PP cells of the human pancreas. It is concluded that nonargentaffin rectal carcinoids are histogenetically linked to nonargentaffin endocrine cells of the human rectum.
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PMID:Glucagon-, glicentin-, and pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreativities in rectal carcinoids and related colorectal cells. 739 69

The regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the alimentary tract of the red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, were investigated by immunohistochemical methods using 10 antisera. Most of the immunoreactive cells in the intestine were spherical or spindle-like in shape (open-type cells), while round cells (closed-type cells) were occasionally found in the stomach. These immunoreactive cells were located in the basal portion of the intestine, including the oesophagus, and in the gastric glands of the stomach. Cg A-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the pylorus and duodenum and were few in number. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells, which were most commonly found in the pylorus, were found in the epithelia throughout the alimentary tract at various frequencies. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were found in the pylorus, duodenum and jejunum at moderate, low and very low frequencies, respectively. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were found throughout the alimentary tract except for the rectum, at various frequencies. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected in the fundus, pylorus, jejunum and ileum at low or very low frequencies. CCK-8-immunoreactive cells were found in the pylorus, fundus and duodenum at very low, low and moderate frequencies, respectively. Bombesin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the fundus and pylorus at low frequencies. No secretin-, BPP- or VIP-immunoreactive cells were found in this study.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study on the endocrine cells in the alimentary tract of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). 1128 61

The distribution and relative frequency of six kinds of endocrine cells in the stomach of the Malayan pangolin, Manis javanica were studied immunohistochemically using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. The stomach of the pangolin has three regions of mucous gland, one oxyntic gland and one pyloric gland. Cells immunoreactive for chromogranin, serotonin, somatostatin, BPP and glucagon were detected in all of the gastric glands, while gastrin-immunoreactive cells were found in the entire gastric gland except for the oxyntic gland. The distribution pattern of endocrine cells in the mucous gland and pyloric gland was mainly from the middle to apical portions of the glands. The endocrine cells were rare or not detected in the basal portion of all of the mucous glands and pyloric gland, but they were also found in the basal portion of the oxyntic gland. The distribution pattern of the endocrine cells in the mucous and pyloric glands suggested that this position facilitates a quick response to the luminal ingesta. The wide distribution of gastrin-immunoreactive cells in all of the mucous glands and pyloric gland was the most remarkable finding. This distribution suggests a major function of gastrin-immunoreactive cells for the digestive process in the Malayan pangolin stomach.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study on the distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the stomach of the Malayan Pangolin, Manis javanica. 1628 8