Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interactions of pancreatic islets and islet-associated mononuclear cells (IAMCs) from the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse were morphologically investigated. To obtain IAMCs, pancreatic islets isolated from adult NOD mice were cultured for 7 days with interleukin 2. Noted by light microscopy, interactions between IAMCs and freshly isolated islets from young NOD mice began 30 min after the initiation of the coculture, and 6 h later, normal cellular array of the islets was lost. By electron microscopy, most IAMCs had low nucleus-cytoplasm ratio, the nucleus was notched and exhibited condensed chromatin along the nuclear membrane, and well-developed Golgi complexes and several mitochondria were distributed in the cytoplasm. These IAMCs adhered to beta-cells, but not to alpha- or delta-cells, with their pseudopods and caused cytolysis of beta-cells. Immunohistochemical study with antibodies specific for pancreatic hormones demonstrated that only cells reacting with anti-insulin antibody were selectively lost as the incubation time proceeded. Electron immunohistochemistry by immunogold technique showed that effector cells in IAMCs reacted with anti-CD8 (Lyt-2) antibody, but not anti-CD4 (L3T4) or anti-asialogangliosideM1 antibody. In addition, the concentration of pancreatic hormones in the culture medium, used as a marker of cytolysis, also demonstrated that insulin was significantly increased after 6 h of culture, whereas glucagon and somatostatin were not. These results suggest that CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are involved in the selective destruction of pancreatic beta-cells in the NOD mouse.
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PMID:Morphological analysis of selective destruction of pancreatic beta-cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes in NOD mice. 168 98

Depressed cell-mediated and humoral immune functions have been reported to occur following severe thermal and traumatic injury. In this study we have questioned whether another immune function, natural killing (NK), is also disturbed in these injured patients. Twenty-two thermally injured patients with burns ranging from 5 to 75% of the total body surface area and 15 traumatically injured patients with injury severity scores ranging from 9 to 56 were followed postinjury and compared to 29 age-matched controls. NK activity was measured as the percentage cytotoxicity in chromium-51 release assays with K562 target cells. The more severely burned patients had significantly depressed NK activity for the 40-day period following injury that remained reduced for the duration of the study. Patients with lesser burns had reduced NK-cell function for the initial 10-day period postburn that returned slowly to the normal range. Traumatically injured patients had depressed NK-cell function during the 3- to 6-day period postinjury. The percentage of cells bearing phenotypic markers for the groups in which NK cells are found was either normal or elevated in these patients. A correlation was found between NK activity and interleukin 2 generation by mononuclear cells from these patients. In order to investigate the mechanism of NK suppression in these patients, NK-cell function was studied following the infusion of cortisol, epinephrine, and glucagon into volunteer subjects in amounts known to reproduce serum levels seen following injury of moderate severity. NK-cell function was reduced an average of 66% following infusion, suggesting that the inhibition of NK-cell function seen in patients may be mediated by the stress response to injury.
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PMID:Suppression of natural killer-cell function in humans following thermal and traumatic injury. 348 53

Production of and response to interleukin 2 (IL-2) were studied using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 23 patients with type 1 diabetes. When compared to PBMC from 18 control subjects, mean PHA-stimulated IL-2 synthesis in the diabetic group was found unimpaired (1.2 +/- 0.1 vs 1.5 +/- 0.2 U/ml). However, 3 subgroups could be distinguished with regard to IL-2 synthesis: IL-2 production was significantly increased in 5 patients and decreased in 2 patients, while the remaining 16 diabetics produced normal levels of IL-2. The diabetic group displayed a curve of PBMC proliferation in response to a range of recombinant IL-2 which was not significantly altered. However, an abnormally high blastogenic response was detected in 5 patients, correlating to an increased percentage of Ia-bearing T lymphocytes, while a markedly low response was seen in 2 other patients. These alterations of the IL-2 system could be related duration of diabetes. Indeed, high synthesis of IL-2 was more frequent in patients with long-standing disease than in recent onset diabetics: 44% and 7%, respectively. Conversely, increased response to IL-2 was found more often in the latter group than in the former (28% vs 11%) while decreased sensitivity was seen only in the latter group (14%). No correlations were found between these results and basal or glucagon-stimulated C peptide levels, percent of glycosylated hemoglobin, presence of autoantibodies, lymphocyte subsets, or HLA typing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Production of and response to interleukin 2 by blood mononuclear cells from some type 1 diabetic patients. 349 40

Existance of messenger ribonucleic acids of eleven functionally differentiated proteins in normal human cells and tumor cell lines was investigated using reverse transcription--nested polymerase chain reaction method. Examined gene transcripts were those of progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor, interleukin 2, CD8, parathyroid hormone, cholecystokinin/pancreozymin, glucagon, insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, enkephalin and thyroid stimulating hormone. In RT-PCR almost all primers were originally designed and sequences of PCR products were confirmed by the Sanger's method. Investigated cells were normal human peripheral mononuclear cells and their subsets, lymphokine-activated killer cells, gastric mucosal cells, sperm and fifteen established tumor cell lines. All of the examined mRNAs were detected in all of the above cell groups. Therefore, cells of independent tissues or tumors share same kinds of mRNA such as steroid hormone receptors, cytokine, lymphocyte surface molecule and parathyroid, digestive and cerebral hormones. These findings strongly suggest that every cell can express every mRNA. Beneath the cell differentiation there may exist a DNA-->RNA basal constant flow, the arrow of time captured in a cell.
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PMID:Gene transcripts of eleven proteins with specific functions are all detected in human normal cells and tumor cell lines: a possible DNA-->RNA basal constant flow. 872 Oct 92

Expression of 25 mRNAs in a single human lymphocyte was investigated using the reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (RT nested PCR) method. Proteins corresponding to the mRNA investigated were mucin antigen, melanoma antigen, pregnancy-specific beta-1 glycoprotein 4, phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase, beta B3-crystallin, homeobox 4A, interleukin 2, cluster of differentiation 8, progesterone receptor, parathyroid hormone, gastrin, cholecystokinin/pancreozymin, glucagon, insulin, enkephalin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, synapsin I, immunoglobulin (Ig)M, IgD, IgG1, IgG3, IgE, IgA, and T cell receptor alpha. All mRNAs were detected in single lymphocytes of two individuals, without exception. In addition, transcripts of IgM, IgD, IgG1, IgG3, IgE, IgA, and the T cell receptor a gene were detected in single sperms. The results strongly suggest the possibility that all mRNAs may be expressed in a single human cell, of both somatic and germ lineage. Thus, cells can consume energy in vain to produce functionally meaningless gene transcripts. However, this basal or illegitimate transcription may be essential for the birth of living matter: the arrow of time in a cell. Moreover, the phenomenon implies the potential of using lymphocytes in place of inaccessible tissue for the diagnosis of genetic diseases.
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PMID:A single human cell expresses all messenger ribonucleic acids: the arrow of time in a cell. 964 29