Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein (CDG) syndrome type 1 is a genetic multisystem disorder, characterized by hypoglycosylation of glycoproteins and presenting with neurologic impairment. In 12 girls and 14 boys, we confirmed the diagnosis of CDG syndrome type 1 by immune-isoelectric focusing of serum sialotransferrins, and we examined the endocrine status singly or sequentially, including a 16-y follow-up of the index cases, a pair of monozygotic girls. Serum FSH levels were normal in newborns and prepubertal children, but elevated in female toddlers and teenagers, as well as in adolescent males. Serum LH concentrations displayed an analogous age-dependent pattern. In adolescent girls, serum estradiol remained low. FSH bioactivity was low normal, as was the bioactive/immunoreactive FSH ratio. However, exogenous gonadotropins evoked an estradiol response and induced ovarian follicular growth. Male patients virilized at puberty; however, testicular volume was subnormal. The thyroid axis was hallmarked by thyroid-binding globin deficiency and, during infancy, increased serum TSH concentrations. A subgroup of female patients presented hypersomatotropism and/or hyperprolactinemia. During adolescence, the index cases responded to glucagon with normal glycemic, but exaggerated insulin and paradoxically augmented growth hormone responses. The hypothalamo-pituitary area appeared intact on magnetic resonance imaging. Circulating IGF-1 levels were in the lower normal range and transcortin concentrations decreased. In conclusion, a study of endocrine aspects of a major glycosylation disorder revealed an age-dependent constellation, including hypergonadotropic hypogonadism with deficient FSH rather than LH action; transient hyperthyrotropinemia; inconsistent hyperprolactinemia; hyperglycemia-induced growth hormone release; deficiencies of hormone-binding glycoproteins and possibly decreased insulin sensitivity, thus pointing to the importance of glycoprotein glycosylation for pediatric endocrinology.
 ...
PMID:Endocrinology of the carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1 from birth through adolescence. 759 77

1. The aims of the study were to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters and the hormonal effects of the slow-release formulation of the somatostatin analogue (SR-L) in normal male volunteers. 2. Eight healthy males were studied. For the determination of basal values blood was sampled before the injection of vehicle and then every other hour for 8 h in order to measure plasma GH, prolactin (PRL), TSH, free thyroxin (fT4), insulin and glucagon levels. Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels were measured on a single sample. On day 1 of the study, 30 mg SR-L was administered intramuscularly. Blood was drawn just before injection and then every other hour for a period of 8 h. Thereafter, blood was sampled three times a week for 3 weeks in order to measure lanreotide, IGF-1, TSH, fT4 and PRL concentrations. Plasma GH was determined on days 6 and 11 of the study. 3. Plasma lanreotide concentrations rose to 38.3 +/- 4.1 ng ml-1 2 h following injection. The levels then progressively decreased, remaining above 1.5 ng ml-1 until day 11 and reaching 0.92 +/- 0.28 ng ml-1 2 weeks after injection. The apparent plasma half-life and mean residence time were 4.52 +/- 0.50 and 5.48 +/- 0.51 days respectively. 4. By comparison with the control day, plasma insulin concentrations only decreased 2 h following injection, whereas plasma glucagon did not change at any time. 5. Plasma TSH concentrations were significantly (P < 0.01) reduced from 2 h to day 4 following SR-L injection.2+ '
 ...
PMID:Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a long-acting formulation of the new somatostatin analogue, lanreotide, in normal healthy volunteers. 782 22

We examined the function of hypothalamic-pituitary target gland axes in 88 cases with epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF). It was found that all the three endocrine axes i.e. hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and hypothalamic- pituitary-gonadal axis showed some functional impairment. In acute phase there were increased plasma ACTH, FSH and LH levels, which might be attributed to stress reaction in EHF patients. Most cases showed low or weak response of TSH to TRH and delayed response of LH to LHRH; some of the cases did not respond to 1mg of glucagon. These manifestations might be related with poor reserve of anterior pituitary or to disordered regulation of endocrine axes. The increased plasma cortisol and estradiol and the decreased plasma T3, T4 as well as testosterone during acute phase may have important clinical significance. Hence we suggest that in any case glucocorticosteroids should not be abused and that in severe patients thyroxine and durabolin should be administered to improve immunity and hepato-renal function.
 ...
PMID:[Functional changes of hypothalamic-pituitary target gland axes and their clinical significance]. 790 72

The levels of beta-endorphin, insulin, cortisol, GH, glucagon, prolactin and TSH were measured in serum samples of 9 hyperglycaemic patients (3 female, 6 male) with a mean age of 4.1 years admitted to the pediatric emergency unit. All patients were in acute stress due to severe diseases (acute gastroenteritis, bronchopneumonia, septicaemia, etc.). Initial and repeat blood samples for hormone determination were taken at admission and in the recovery phase (after 4-6 weeks of treatment). OGTT was also performed in the recovery phase. The hyperglycaemia, monitored hourly following the initial determination, returned to normal in all patients in 1-5 h without specific treatment. Mean serum glucose values at admission and in the recovery phase were 287.0 and 84.1 mg/dl. Concomitant to the hyperglycaemia encountered in these patients in the acute phase of stress, an increase was noted in all hormone levels excluding glucagon and cortisol. All elevated hormone levels fell to normal in 4-6 weeks with significant differences from initial levels for beta-endorphin (P < 0.05) and insulin (P < 0.01). OGTT gave a normal curve. These results indicate that stress hyperglycaemia, despite high insulin levels, is associated with an increase in beta-endorphin levels. The results also show that hyperglycaemia in acute disease does not alter OGTT in short-term follow up.
 ...
PMID:beta-Endorphin and some hormonal levels in children with acute stress hyperglycaemia. 795 15

Octreotide is a synthetic octapeptide somatostatin analogue which has higher potency and longer duration of action than the natural hormone. It is effective after subcutaneous administration and no rebound hypersecretion has been observed. Pharmacological effects of octreotide include inhibition of numerous hormones (growth hormone, TSH, insulin, glucagon and all gut hormones), of exocrine secretion (gastric acid, pancreatic enzyme), and of small-bowel absorption. This review deals with clinical application of octreotide in endocrine disorder. In patients with acromegaly octreotide treatment results in decrease of growth hormone (GH) and IGF-I together with tumour shrinkage and clinical improvement. Although variability in response to treatment is obvious for majority of patients the most effective dose is 100 mcg three times daily subcutaneously. Normalization of GH levels could be achieved in more than 50% of treated patients. It has also been shown that octreotide could be effective in TSH secreting pituitary adenoma, ACTH secreting adenoma as well as in non-secretory pituitary tumours. A marked biochemical and clinical responses together with longer survival have been reported in most of the patients with gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumours. Patients who benefit the most from octreotide therapy are those with carcionid syndrome (successful control of diarrhoea, flushing episodes and wheezing) and VIPomas (control of diarrhoea). In patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) octreotide suppresses GH levels, postprandial blood glucose increases with resultant decrease in daily insulin requirements. In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) octreotide has inhibitory effect on serum LH and ovarian androgens. This could have beneficial effect on ovulatory performance in women with PCOS.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical use of octreotide (Sandostatin) in endocrinology]. 799 11

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and PP cells were found by immunotopochemical and electron-optical techniques in the islets of Langerhans of the sand rat, proving that the islets in this species also contain the four basic cell types known to be found in the islets in mammals in general. The ratio of A cells to B cells was 1:4 (19.1% A cells to 80.9% B cells). The pancreas of the sand rat contained assemblages of various numbers of neurons in the intralobal and interlobular connective tissue. They did not seem related in any regular fashion to specific blood vessels or branches of the pancreatic ducts. No bundles of nerve fibers were found by either light or electron microscopy. Nonmyelinated nerve fibers were detected by electron microscopy in the stroma of the islets. In the sand rat the neuroinsular complexes are formed by the penetration of single nerve cells into the pancreatic islets. In the NH or long-term group the islets exhibited signs of stimulation. The number of islets was higher than normal (polynesia), with the islets themselves enlarged (macronesia). Double islets in the secretory ducts of the exocrine pancreas were frequent. The increase in islet size was due to hyperplasia of the B cells. The numbers of beta-granules in the B cells varied considerably. Glycogen was demonstrated in some islets. The fusion of beta-granules was shown in electron microscopic pictures. The electron-opaque centers of these granules were brighter than the others and appeared to have partly dissolved. The organelles of the B cells (ER, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria) were well developed, this also being a sign of cell stimulation. No changes were observed in the B and PP cells. Stimulation of the islet cells was even more pronounced in the diabetic group. Due to hyperplasia, the islets in this group were significantly larger not only than those in the control group, but also than those in the NH group. The pancreata of this group of sand rats contained numerous small islets. Although necrotic B cells were found in the large islets of the pancreas, none were discovered in the small islets. The small islets were considered to be "regenerated" islets. Granulation was slight in the remaining functioning B cells. The hypophyses of the control group contained the GH, LTH, FSH, LH, and TSH cell types typical of this organ in other species. In the sand rat the granules of these cell types are of about the same size as has been stated for other rodents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Histophysiology of the obesity-diabetes syndrome in sand rats. 808 78

We studied the hormonal secretion of a human mixed follicular and medullary carcinoma. Thyroglobulin (Tg) secretion, especially by large cells and sometimes by small ones, was visualized with immunoenzymatic staining. Calcitonin (CT) was produced by small spindle-shaped cells. Moreover, immunofluorescence double staining performed on the resected thyroid tissue showed the secretion of both Tg and CT in a small number of cells. The cells lost their hormonal secretion after 2 months of culture. Hormonal secretion was modulated by different additives in the medium. Tg secretion was induced when TSH was added to the culture medium; the maximal effect was produced with the addition of 1 mU TSH/ml and 1 microM cortisol, which potentiated the effect of TSH on Tg production. A durable Tg secretion was obtained by embedding the cells in Engelbretch-Hohn-Swarn (EHS) tumour matrix. The CT production was reinduced by the addition of 4 mM Ca2+, 1 microM glucagon and 1 microM cortisol to the culture medium. These findings show that different cells are found in a mixed follicular and medullary carcinoma, some of which can secrete both CT and Tg. They can remain differentiated for a long period after being embedded in EHS tumour matrix with Ca2+ and hormonal components.
 ...
PMID:Hormonal study of a human mixed follicular and medullary thyroid carcinoma. 824 Jun 72

Seven days of dosing with either 30 mg or 60 mg of lansoprazole were compared with placebo in a double-blind, randomized, three-way cross-over study in 12 male healthy volunteers. Twenty-four-hour intragastric pH was measured after 7 days of dosing with each regimen, as well as 3 and 7 days after the end of dosing. During dosing with placebo, intragastric pH was above 4 for a median of 51 minutes. pH values were significantly raised to above 4 for 8.45 and 8.33 hours on Day 7 of dosing with lansoprazole 30 and 60 mg, respectively, but returned to normal by the third day after stopping dosing. No clinically relevant influence on endocrine function (serum concentrations of insulin, aldosterone, testosterone, parathormone, glucagon, T3, T4, TSH, LH, FSH, STH, prolactin, circadian cortisol profile, ACTH test) was observed. No serious adverse clinical or laboratory events were noted.
 ...
PMID:The effects of lansoprazole, 30 or 60 mg daily, on intragastric pH and on endocrine function in healthy volunteers. 848 72

We previously demonstrated that hyperglucagonemia may be responsible for thyroid hormone alterations noted in some nonthyroidal illnesses. Since TSH secretion is also known to be altered in many subjects with several nonthyroidal illnesses, we assessed the influence of sustained hyperglucagonemia on TSH secretory pattern in 5 anesthetized dogs. Serum TSH concentrations were determined after a 16-h fast and again at intervals of 15 min during sustained hyperglucagonemia (515-645 pg/mL) induced by iv bolus administration of glucagon 0.1 mg followed by a continuous glucagon infusion 3 ng/kg/min for 3 h. TRH (200 micrograms) was administered iv at 60 min to assess the influence of sustained hyperglucagonemia on the hypothalamic pituitary thyrotroph axis during the study. A control study was also conducted using normal saline instead of glucagon, and both studies were performed in a randomized sequence. Basal TSH levels were not significantly different during both studies. However, serum TSH declined significantly during sustained hyperglucagonemia prior to TRH administration (delta TSH, pre-TRH, -0.86 +/- 0.24 vs 0.02 +/- 0.07 ng/mL for normal saline, p < 0.01). Furthermore, TSH response to iv TRH administration was significantly blunted during glucagon infusion alone as expressed by both the absolute rise (delta TSH, post-TRH, 1.1 +/- 0.5 vs 5.9 +/- 1.7 ng/ml for normal saline, p < 0.01) as well as an integrated response over a 2-h period (sigma TSH, post-TRH, 4.0 +/- 1.1 vs 11.7 +/- 3.5 ng/min/mL, p < 0.001). Therefore, this study demonstrates that sustained hyperglucagonemia inhibits basal TSH secretion as well as TSH response to iv TRH administration, a TSH secretory pattern similar to that noted at the peak of many nonthyroidal illnesses.
 ...
PMID:Impaired TSH secretion during sustained hyperglucagonemia in anesthetized dogs. 856 78

We have demonstrated specific binding sites for [125I]glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) on membranes from the rodent thyrotrope cell line, alpha-TSH. Specific [125I]GLP-1 binding was saturable and time dependent. Equilibrium saturation binding analysis was consistent with the presence of a single class of binding site (binding capacity, 85 +/- 7 fmol/mg protein) with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 28 +/- 13 pM. The specific GLP-1 receptor agonists, exendin-4 and exendin-3, and the antagonist, exendin-(9-39), bound to the receptor sites with high affinity (Ki = 190 +/- 70 pM; 130 +/- 50 and 1200 +/- 470 pM, respectively). Chemical cross-linking of [125I]GLP-1-receptor complexes revealed a single band of 64,300 +/- 100 Mr in alpha-TSH membranes. In addition, specific PCR studies demonstrated the presence of GLP-1 receptor messenger RNA. Binding of the peptide to alpha-TSH cell membranes resulted in increased intracellular cAMP concentrations (10 nM GLP-1, 1010 +/- 83 pmol/10(6) cells.h; control, 175 +/- 60 pmol/10(6) cells.h; P < 0.002), indicating that the receptor is linked to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. GLP-1-mediated increases in cAMP were inhibited by exendin-(9-39) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, GLP-1 stimulates basal TSH release from dispersed anterior pituitary cells in a concentration-dependent manner (100 nM GLP-1, 63 +/- 3 fmol/10(6) cells.h; control, 35 +/- 1 fmol/10(6) cells.h; P < 0.0005), but had no effect on basal PRL, GH, or LH release.
 ...
PMID:Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) releases thyrotropin (TSH): characterization of binding sites for GLP-1 on alpha-TSH cells. 882 68


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>