Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Carbohydrate metabolism is temporarily disturbed in acute myocardial infarction. The degree of hyperglycaemia and failure of response of insulin appears to be related to the severity of the infarction. The underlying hormonal changes probably include increased secretion of catecholamines and of glucagon. Circulating free fatty acids (FFA) are generally increased by the same metabolic and hormonal factors which promote glucose intolerance. In the zone of developing infarction in the heart, there is a complex metabolic situation with glucose metabolism both being accelerated and inhibited by different factors. Continued uptake of FFA is associated with intracellular accumulation of activated long-chain FFA, acyl CoA, which tends to inhibit mitochondrial metabolism. The metabolism of glucose is thought to be beneficial and that of FFA detrimental to the infarcting tissue. Thus the glucose intolerance and the high circulating FFA occurring as part of the general metabolic response to myocardial infarction, are thought to be harmful to the ischaemic tissue. Increased provision of glucose by dichloroacetate, and inhibition of FFA metabolism by nicotinic acid analogues decrease the extent of experimental infaraction, while glucose--insulin--potassium and propranolol act both by increasing glucose uptake and decreasing that of FFA. Glucose intolerance is also common in peripheral vascular disease. The reasons for this are obscure. However, the alterations in circulating insulin concentration which accompany this intolerance may be involved in the development of arterial lesions either directly through an effect on arterial wall synthesis or indirectly through an effect on circulating lipid levels. Defects may also be found in arterial wall mucopolysaccharide or sorbitol metabolism. The role of sex hormones and catecholamines remains speculative. At present the most cogent view is that in peripheral vascular disease a multi-hormonal disorder exists which may be contributing to the development of arteriosclerosis.
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PMID:Carbohydrate metabolism in cardiovascular disease. 79 85

In summary, the vitamin pantothenic acid is an integral part of the acylation carriers, CoA and acyl carrier protein (ACP). The vitamin is readily available from diverse dietary sources, a fact which is underscored by the difficulty encountered in attempting to induce pantothenate deficiency. Although pantothenic acid deficiency has not been linked with any particular disease, deficiency of the vitamin results in generalized malaise clinically. In view of the fact that pantothenate is required for the synthesis of CoA, it is surprising that tissue CoA levels are not altered in pantothenate deficiency. This suggests that the cell is equipped to conserve its pantothenate content, possibly by a recycling mechanism for utilizing pantothenate obtained from degradation of pantothenate-containing molecules. Although the steps involved in the conversion of pantothenate to CoA have been characterized, much remains to be done to understand the regulation of CoA synthesis. In particular, in view of what is known about the in vitro regulation of pantothenate kinase, it is surprising that the enzyme is active in vivo, since factors that are known to inhibit the enzyme are present in excess of the concentrations known to inhibit the enzyme. Thus, other physiological regulatory factors (which are largely unknown) must counteract the effects of these inhibitors, since the pantothenate-to-CoA conversion is operative in vivo. Another step in the biosynthetic pathway that may be rate limiting is the conversion of 4'-phosphopantetheine (4'-PP) to dephospho-CoA, a step catalyzed by 4'-phosphopantetheine adenylyl-transferase. In mammalian systems, this step may occur in the mitochondria or in the cytosol. The teleological significance of these two pathways remains to be established, particularly since mitochondria are capable of transporting CoA from the cytosol. Altered homeostasis of CoA has been observed in diverse disease states including starvation, diabetes, alcoholism, Reye syndrome (RS), medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, and certain tumors. Hormones, such as glucocorticoids, insulin, and glucagon, as well as drugs, such as clofibrate, also affect tissue CoA levels. It is not known whether the abnormal metabolism observed in these conditions is the result of altered CoA metabolism or whether CoA levels change in response to hormonal or nonhormonal perturbations brought about in these conditions. In other words, a cause-effect relation remains to be elucidated. It is also not known whether the altered CoA metabolism (be it cause or result of abnormal metabolism) can be implicated in the manifestations of a disease. Besides CoA, pantothenic acid is also an integral part of the ACP molecule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Pantothenic acid in health and disease. 174 61

1. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) synthase (EC 4.1.3.5) in extracts of rat liver mitochondria can be inactivated by succinyl-CoA and activated by incubation in a medium designed to cause desuccinylation ('desuccinylation medium'). 2. The enzyme is less active in extracts of whole liver from control rats than from rats treated with glucagon or mannoheptulose. Incubation in desuccinylation medium raises the activity in extracts from control rats to the same value as treated rats, suggesting that the extent of succinylation in vivo is greater in controls than in hormone-treated animals. 3. This result is also obtained in liver homogenates and in isolated mitochondria. 4. Increasing the succinyl-CoA content of mitochondria to the same high level lowers the enzyme activity to the same value in mitochondria isolated from control or treated rats. In each case subsequent incubation of the lysates in desuccinylation medium raises the enzyme activity by the same extent. 5. Measurement of the incorporation of radiolabel from 2-oxo[5-14C]glutarate into protein is consistent with the proposal that all these changes in activity in isolated mitochondria may be explained by changes in the extent of succinylation of the enzyme. 6. From these data and our earlier work we conclude that, in vivo, mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase in fed rats is normally substantially succinylated (about 40%) and inactivated, and that glucagon increases the activity of HMG-CoA synthase by lowering the concentration of succinyl-CoA and thus decreasing the extent of succinylation of the enzyme (to less than 10%). This may be an important control mechanism in ketogenesis.
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PMID:Glucagon activates mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase in vivo by decreasing the extent of succinylation of the enzyme. 196 79

1. The activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) synthase (EC 4.1.3.5) in extracts of rapidly frozen rat livers was doubled in animals treated in various ways to increase ketogenic flux. 2. Some 90% of the activity measured was mitochondrial, and changes in mitochondrial activity dominated changes in total enzyme activity. 3. The elevated HMG-CoA synthase activities persisted throughout the isolation of liver mitochondria. 4. Intramitochondrial succinyl-CoA content was lower in whole liver homogenates and in mitochondria isolated from animals treated with glucagon or mannoheptulose. 5. HMG-CoA synthase activity in mitochondria from both ox and rat liver was negatively correlated with intramitochondrial succinyl-CoA levels when these were manipulated artificially. Under these conditions, the differences between mitochondria from control and hormone-treated rats were abolished. 6. These findings show that glucagon can decrease intramitochondrial succinyl-CoA concentration, and that this in turn can regulate mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase. They support the hypothesis that the formation of ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA may be regulated by the extent of succinylation of mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase.
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PMID:Treatment of rats with glucagon or mannoheptulose increases mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase activity and decreases succinyl-CoA content in liver. 257 45

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase is the limiting enzyme step in cholesterol formation in mammalian liver and other tissues. It is a glycoprotein of 97,000 daltons embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum with a long cytoplasmic extension that is the site of catalytic conversion of HMG CoA to mevalonate. The enzyme is subject to both long-term (induction/repression; degradation) and short-term control (reversible phosphorylation) mediated by endocrine signaling (insulin, glucagon) and through negative feedback by metabolic products of mevalonate (e.g., cholesterol). The catalytic capacity of microsomal reductase falls rapidly in the presence of several protein kinases (reductase kinase, protein kinase-C, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase). Activity is restored with various protein phosphatases. Increased phosphorylation of reductase in intact cells after addition of glucagon or mevalonate is followed by enhanced degradation of the enzyme. In an in vitro model system, phosphorylated, native microsomal reductase is more rapidly cleaved by the calcium-dependent, neutral protease calpain than the dephosphorylated from of reductase. Our present research which centers on the mechanism of the in vitro model system is reviewed. Calpain in the presence of Ca2+ cleaves the cytosolic domain of phosphorylated 97 kDa reductase at two points giving rise to two fragments of nearly the same size that appear as a 52-56,000 dalton doublet by electrophoresis and immunoblotting. In the same system native reductase labeled with [gamma-32P]ATP generates a doublet with 32P solely in the upper (heavier) band. This indicates that serine phosphorylation sites lie between the two calpain cleavage loci. These are positioned in the "linker" region of the long carboxy-terminal cytosolic domain near the membrane. This segment possesses five invariant serine residues and two PEST sequences (constellations of proline, glutamate, serine and threonine) that are characteristic of proteins with short half-lives. If phosphorylation of HMG CoA reductase is confined to the linker region, we must look to this domain in order to interpret the resulting conformational changes that markedly influence reductase catalytic activity and prepare the enzyme for degradation.
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PMID:Phosphorylation and degradation of HMG CoA reductase. 262 76

In-vitro translation of anglerfish islet mRNA revealed three glucagon precursors (preproglucagons): one with Mr 16,000 and two with Mr 14,000. The two Mr 14,000 precursors were well separated upon isoelectric focusing gels (pI values of 7.2 and 7.3), but had identical peptide maps. Translation of hybrid-selected Mr 14,000 preproglucagon mRNA in the presence of microsomal vesicles revealed that both precursors were processed to the same proglucagon. Northern blot analysis detected two mRNA species encoding Mr 14,000 precursor. A full-length Mr 14,000 preproglucagon cDNA was subcloned into a transcription vector, and coupled in-vitro transcription-translation was performed; surprisingly, both Mr 14,000 precursors were synthesized. To test whether acetylation of the free amino terminus generated the more acidic precursor, acetylase activity was partially inactivated with the inhibitor S-acetonyl-CoA, and acetyl-CoA was depleted by addition of oxaloacetate and citrate synthetase. Under these conditions, the level of the most basic preproglucagon was greatly enhanced, but when exogenous acetyl-CoA was added, the acidic form predominated. We conclude that acetylation generates the acidic precursor, and we discuss the implications of our findings for the biogenesis of other peptide hormones.
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PMID:In-vitro biosynthesis of multiple preproglucagons results from acetylation of the primary translation products. 267 84

These trials explored metabolic events associated with monensin-induced changes in milk composition. In trial 1, diets containing 0 or 33 ppm monensin sodium were fed ad libitum to separate groups of 7 mature lactating goats. In trial 2, diets containing 0 or 18 ppm monensin sodium were fed ad libitum to two groups with 5 mature (greater than 2 yr) and seven young (less than 2 yr) lactating does in each group. Blood was sampled at 1200 h and at 3 min after morning milking in both trials. Diets containing 33 ppm monensin increased serum growth hormone and plasma glucagon. Monensin (33 ppm) increased growth hormone from 13 to 60 ng/ml in samples taken 3 min after milking. Monensin (33 ppm) decreased insulin in these postmilking samples from 432 to 317 pg/ml but increased midday insulin in the samples taken between milkings from 279 to 349 pg/ml. Monensin did not affect plasma glucose or serum prolactin concentrations. Monensin fed at 18 ppm did not affect growth hormone, glucagon, adipose acetyl CoA carboxylase activity, hormone-sensitive lipase, or glucose concentrations. Young animals had higher growth hormone, glucose, and glucagon than mature does. The results indicate that effects of milk production intensity can be more important than monensin treatment on milk composition and circulating hormone concentrations.
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PMID:Effects of feeding monensin to lactating goats: acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, hormone-sensitive lipase, plasma glucose, and circulating hormones. 288 43

Isolated mouse liver mitochondria incubated with streptozotocin showed decreased rate and extent of Ca2+ uptake, and, dependent on the concentration of streptozotocin and the addition of alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate, fluorocitrate or guanosine 5'-triphosphate, the retention of Ca2+ was either increased or decreased. Similar observations were made in liver mitochondria incubated with succinyl-CoA. In mitochondria isolated from the kidneys and islets of mice injected with streptozotocin, with and without additional injections of glucose and/or glucagon, the rate and extent of Ca2+ uptake were reduced and the release of accumulated Ca2+ was stimulated. Electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis showed dislocation of Ca2+-containing precipitates from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and stereology disclosed increased mitochondrial volume in the B cells of streptozotocin-treated mice. State 3 and state 4 respiration with NAD-linked substrates was inhibited, but succinate oxidation was unaffected, in mitochondria isolated from the kidneys of mice treated with streptozotocin. In the kidneys of streptozotocin-injected mice, the concentration of succinyl-CoA was increased, that of citrate and guanosine 5'-triphosphate was decreased, that of glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate was unaffected, and the metabolite concentration ratios suggested increased mitochondrial [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio and decreased cytoplasmic [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio. It is suggested as a new hypothesis that the cytotoxicity and the diabetogenicity of streptozotocin are dependent on inhibited citric acid cycle enzyme activity (primarily that of succinyl-CoA synthetase and citrate synthetase) with altered metabolite concentrations, leading to impairment of the mitochondrial uptake of Ca2+ and the activation of the pyruvate, isocitrate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases.
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PMID:Mitochondrial changes and associated alterations induced in mice by streptozotocin administered in vivo and in vitro. 288 8

Propionate and pyruvate added to isolated normal and biotin-deficient adult rat hepatocytes increase the production of glucose. This production decreases about 30% on biotin deficiency. Malonate inhibits gluconeogenesis from propionate showing the metabolic transformation of propionyl-CoA via the Krebs cycle. Neither glucagon nor dibutyryl-cyclic AMP significantly stimulate gluconeogenesis.
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PMID:Some biochemical observations on gluconeogenesis from propionate in hepatocytes isolated from normal and biotin-deficients rats. 298 49

Rat hepatocytes were incubated in monolayer culture for 8 h. Glucagon (10nM) increased the total phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity by 1.7-fold. This effect was abolished by adding cycloheximide, actinomycin D or 500 pM-insulin to the incubations. The glucagon-induced increase was synergistic with that produced by an optimum concentration of 100 nM-dexamethasone. Theophylline (1mM) potentiated the effect of glucagon, but it did not affect the dexamethasone-induced increase in the phosphohydrolase activity. The relative proportion of the phosphohydrolase activity associated with membranes was decreased by glucagon when 0.15 mM-oleate was added 15 min before the end of the incubations to translocate the phosphohydrolase from the cytosol. This glucagon effect was not seen at 0.5 mM-oleate. Since glucagon also increased the total phosphohydrolase activity, the membrane-associated activity was maintained at 0.15 mM-oleate and was increased at 0.5 mM-oleate. This activity at both oleate concentrations was also increased in incubations that contained dexamethasone, particularly in the presence of glucagon. Insulin increased the relative proportion of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase that was associated with membranes at 0.15 mM-oleate, but not at 0.5 mM-oleate. It also decreased the absolute phosphohydrolase activity on the membranes at both oleate concentrations in incubations that also contained glucagon and dexamethasone. None of the hormonal combinations significantly altered the total glycerol phosphate acyltransferase activity. However, glucagon significantly increased the microsomal activities, and insulin had the opposite effect. Glucagon also decreased the mitochondrial acyltransferase activity. There was a highly significant correlation between the total phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity and the synthesis of neutral lipids from glycerol phosphate and 0.5 mM-oleate in homogenates of cells from all of the hormonal combinations. Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity is increased in the long term by glucocorticoids and also by glucagon through cyclic AMP. In the short term, glucagon increases the concentration of fatty acid required to translocate the cytosolic reservoir of activity to the membranes on which phosphatidate is synthesized. Insulin opposes the combined actions of glucagon and glucocorticoids. The long-term events explain the large increases in the phosphohydrolase activity that occur in vivo in a variety of stress conditions. The expression of this activity depends on increases in the net availability of fatty acids and their CoA esters in the liver.
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PMID:Interactions of insulin, glucagon and dexamethasone in controlling the activity of glycerol phosphate acyltransferase and the activity and subcellular distribution of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in cultured rat hepatocytes. 299 4


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