Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of insulin on the renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate were studied in man while maintaining the blood glucose concentration at the fasting level by negative feedback servocontrol of a variable glucose infusion. In studies on six water-loaded normal subjects in a steady state of water diuresis, insulin was administered i.v. to raise the plasma insulin concentration to between 98 and 193 muU/ml and infused at a constant rate of 2 mU/kg body weight per min over a total period of 120 min. The blood glucose concentration was not significantly altered, and there was no change in the filtered load of glucose; glomerular filtration rate (CIN) and renal plasma flow (CPAH) were unchanged. Urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) decreased from 401 plus or minus 46 (SEM) to 213 plus or minus 18 mueq/min during insulin administration, the change becoming significant (P smaller than 0.02) within the 30-60 min collection period. Free water clearance (CH2O) increased from 10.6 plus or minus 0.6 to 13 plus or minus 0.5 ml/min (P smaller than 0.025); osmolar clearance decreased and urine flow was unchanged. There was no change in plasma aldosterone concentration, which was low throughout the studies, and a slight reduction was observed in plasma glucagon concentration. Urinary potassium (UKV) and phosphate (UPV) excretion were also both decreased during insulin administration; UKV decreased from 66 plus or minus 9 to 21 plus or minus 1 mueq/min (P smaller than 0.005), and tupv decreased from 504 plus or minus 93 to 230 plus or minus 43 mug/min (P smaller than 0.01). The change in UKV was associated with a significant reduction in plasma potassium concentration. There was also a statistically significant but small reduction in plasma phosphate concentration which was not considered sufficient alone to account for the large reduction in UPV. Urinary calcium excretion (UCaV) increased from 126 plus or minus 24 to 200 plus or minus 17 mug/min (P smaller than 0.01). These studies demonstrate a reduction in UNaV associated with insulin administration that occurs in the absence of changes in the filtered load of glucose, glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and plasma aldosterone concentration. The effect of insulin on CH2O suggests that insulin's effect on sodium excretion is due to enhancement of sodium reabsorption in the diluting segment of the distal nephron.
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PMID:The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in man. 112 Jul 86

A single strain gauge was implanted chronically in the proximal jejunum of the rat to record contractions. FAsted pentobarbital-anesthetized animals received glucagon, caerulein, or isotonic saline control infusions intravenously while contractions were recorded. In control animals, the distribution of contractions in time showed clusters, with peaks at intervals of 14.24 +/-5.6 (SD) min. Glucagon produced dose-related inhibition of contractions. Caerulein at two lower doses produced a more uniform distribution of contractions in time; a higher dose caused inhibition. In other fasted rats, an isotopically labeled bolus was given through a chronically implanted duodenal cathether, and its distribution along the small intestine was examined in animals receiving the same doses of glucagon, caerulein, and saline. Glucagon caused a dose-related delay in transit. Those doses of caerulein that produced a uniform distribution of contractions accelerated transit; the dose that inhibited contractions delayed transit. Doses of glucagon and caerulein known to affect both motility and transit did not significantly affect water movement. The fasted rat resembles the fasted go in respect to the temporal distributions of jejunal contractions at a single point. Both quantitative and qualitative changes in contractions induce changes in transit.
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PMID:Correlation of contractions and transit in rat small intestine. 125 98

It is widely acknowledged that high viscosity water-soluble dietary fibers such as pectin and guar gum affect a lowering of blood glucose levels and a reducing of insulin secretion following a sugar load. However, as dietary fibers vary in origin and in chemical properties, their physiological functions differ as well. In this study the effects of Indigestible Dextrin (PF-C), a low viscosity, water-soluble dietary fiber obtained through acid and heat-treatment of potato starch, on various aspects of sugar tolerance were examined. First, the influence of PF-C on sucrose hydrolysis was examined in rat intestinal mucosa cell homogenate confirming that PF-C did not inhibit sucrase activity. Then, in order to investigate the influence of PF-C on sugar digestion-absorption, an experiment was performed by using the everted intestinal sac of the rat in vitro. PF-C did not have an effect on glucose-transport into the serosal medium, whereas PF-C did inhibit the transport of hydrolyzed-glucose from sucrose, with no change in the hydrolysis of sucrose. Recently, Crane et al. reported that there is a specific route for hydrolyzed glucose from sucrose in glucose-absorption on the enteric surface (disaccharidase related transport system). The possibility exists that PF-C specifically affects this pathway. Further, total glucagon released into the serosal medium stimulated by both glucose and sucrose were reduced by PF-C. On the basis of these results, an oral sugar tolerance test was conducted in both rats and healthy human subjects. In male Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks old, 250-280g) concurrent administration of PF-C (0.6g/kg body weight) reduced an increase in plasma insulin levels with no change in glucose levels following a glucose (1.5g/kg body weight) load. Further noted were reductions in increases in both plasma glucose and insulin levels following a sucrose (1.5g/kg body weight) plus PF-C (0.6g/kg body weight) load to that of the sucrose (1.5g/kg body weight) single load. These findings reflect the above mentioned in vitro results. Moreover, in healthy male subjects the increase in both plasma insulin and glucagon-like immunoreactivity (Gut GLI) levels following a Trelan-G75 load were significantly reduced by concurrent administration of PF-C. From these observations it would appear that the effectiveness of reducing insulin secretion by PF-C results due to the decrease in sugar absorption by inhibiting the disaccharidase-related transport system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The effects of indigestible dextrin on sugar tolerance: I. Studies on digestion-absorption and sugar tolerance]. 132 40

This study evaluated the role of insulin, glucagon and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Male Wistar rats, weighing approximately 200 g, were used. A partial hepatectomy, with resection of the medial and left lateral lobes (67.31%), was performed on the control group and seven hormone-treated groups: insulin, glucagon, EGF, insulin plus glucagon, insulin plus EGF, glucagon plus EGF, and a combination of the three hormones. The hormones were administered subcutaneously two days prior to the partial hepatectomy. The groups administered insulin were allowed to drink 20% glucose in water. Another group of rats received simulated operations, i.e., only a laparotomy was performed. The rats were killed at six, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the operation. Remnant liver weight, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content, rate of DNA synthesis, mitotic index, blood glucose and serum insulin levels were measured. The results showed that: 1) the effects of single hormone administration on posthepatectomy liver regeneration were not obvious; 2) combined administration of insulin and glucagon increased the weight of the remnant liver, the DNA content, and the rate of DNA synthesis; 3) the combined administration of insulin, glucagon, and EGF increased the regeneration based on the remnant liver weight and mitotic index; and 4) there was no concordance between the change in blood glucose levels and the effect of hormones during liver regeneration.
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PMID:Rat liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy: effects of insulin, glucagon and epidermal growth factor. 136 Feb 95

To investigate the renal effects of somatostatin in cirrhosis, renal function and plasma and urinary levels of endogenous neurohumoral vasoactive substances were measured in conditions of intravenous water overload (20 mL/kg body wt with 5% glucose) before and during the intravenous infusion of somatostatin (250-500 micrograms/h) in 6 cirrhotic patients without ascites and 17 nonazotemic cirrhotic patients with ascites. Somatostatin induced a significant reduction of renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate, and free water clearance in both groups of patients. In patients with ascites, somatostatin also reduced urinary sodium excretion. Changes in renal function were significantly more marked in patients with ascites than in those without ascites and occurred in the absence of changes in mean arterial pressure and plasma levels of renin, aldosterone, norepinephrine, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide. Somatostatin induced a significant reduction in the plasma concentration of glucagon and urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 that was not related to changes in renal function. These findings indicate that somatostatin administration induces renal vasoconstriction and impairs glomerular filtration rate, free water clearance, and sodium excretion in cirrhosis by a mechanism unrelated to systemic hemodynamics and endogenous neurohumoral vasoactive systems.
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PMID:Effects of somatostatin on renal function in cirrhosis. 809 52

Test meals with 25 g protein in the form of cottage cheese or egg white were given with or without 50 g glucose to male subjects with mild to moderately severe, untreated, type II diabetes. Water was given as a control meal. The glucose, insulin, C-peptide, alpha amino nitrogen (AAN), glucagon, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), and triglyceride area responses were determined using the water meal as a baseline. The glucose area responses following ingestion of cottage cheese or egg white were very small compared with those of the glucose meal, and were not significantly different from one another. The serum insulin area response was 3.6-fold greater following ingestion of cottage cheese compared with egg white (309 v 86 pmol/L.h). The simultaneous ingestion of glucose with cottage cheese or egg white protein decreased the glucose area response to glucose by 11% and 20%, respectively. When either protein was ingested with glucose, the insulin area response was greater than the sum of the individual responses, indicating a synergistic effect (glucose alone, 732 pmol/L.h; glucose with cottage cheese, 1,637 pmol/L.h; glucose with egg white, 1,213 pmol/L.h). The C-peptide area response was similar to the insulin area response. The AAN area response was approximately twofold greater following ingestion of cottage cheese compared with egg white. Following ingestion of glucose, it was negative. When protein was ingested with glucose, the AAN area responses were additive. The glucagon area response was similar following ingestion of cottage cheese or egg white protein. Following glucose ingestion, the glucagon area response was negative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Metabolic response to cottage cheese or egg white protein, with or without glucose, in type II diabetic subjects. 140 1

To determine what practices are being utilized in the management of intussusception, a survey was sent to chairpersons of 64 Pediatric Radiology departments in the United States and Canada. There was a 92% response rate. Barium is used in 97% of departments and is the most commonly used contrast-agent in 64%. Water-soluble contrast is used in 83% of departments and air in 50%. In high-risk patients, water soluble contrast is used in 71% of departments, air in 28% and barium in 24%. Glucagon, pre-exam antibiotics, and pre-exam sedation are not used regularly in a majority of departments. The radiologic management of intussusception is more varied than only a few years ago. Use of water-soluble contrast and air have increased, while barium use is less routine.
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PMID:The current radiologic management of intussusception: a survey and review. 846 7

The paper presents time course changes registered in glycohomeostasis of patients suffering from non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) as a result of a single or course intake of acidulous chloride hydrocarbonate sodium mineral waters. The treatment promoted immediate or delayed improvement in glycemia and insulinemia control, correction of imbalance of hormonal glycohomeostasis regulators (insulin, glucagon), enhancement of gastrinemia. The insulinotrophic effect varied with mineralization of the water, concentrations of bicarbonate and sodium ions. Water regimens were specified for NIDDM patients.
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PMID:[The dynamics of glucose homeostasis in non-insulin-dependent diabetics under the influence of mineral water intake]. 141 2

Nondeprived male Sprague-Dawley rats that were given scheduled access to running wheels for 60 min daily ran immediately and energetically. Intraperitoneal injections of 400 micrograms/kg pancreatic glucagon and 0.15 microgram/kg cholecystokinin octapeptide had no effect on scheduled running, but significantly inhibited feeding when the rats were offered condensed milk instead of access to the running wheels. This is consistent with the hypothesized function of these peptides as postprandial satiety signals. In contrast, 0.5 mg/kg amphetamine and 75 microM/kg LiCl, which produced similar degrees of anorexia, inhibited running by about 50%. Amphetamine, but neither peptide, also inhibited water drinking and disrupted the behavioral sequence of postprandial satiety. The distance run during scheduled running tests was inversely related to body weight, but the patterns of the drugs' effects were not altered by baseline running differences. Scheduled wheel running is a robust consummatory behavior that appears to provide a relatively valid, simple, and sensitive test of the behavioral specificity of pharmacological anorexia.
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PMID:Scheduled running wheel activity indexes the specificity of pharmacological anorexia. 141 67

Lithuania's environment is heavily polluted as a result of domestic and transboundary contamination. The main ecological problems are related to atmospheric pollution; water contamination; soil, water, and forest acidification; nitrogen-compounds overload of soil, water, and food; and contamination with agricultural chemicals and heavy metals. The increased environmental distress is a menace to public health in Lithuania. Experimental studies need to be designed and used to ascertain the effects of environmental distress on the gastrointestinal tract epithelial barrier. Our electronmicroscopic and immunohistochemical study of human gastrointestinal endocrine cells revealed changes in the amount of secretory material and intracytoplasmic vacuolization after exposure to the environmental chemicals such as hexavalent chromium and the herbicide Saprol. The most affected were the EC (serotonin, motilin, substance P), D (somatostatin), A (glucagon), B (insulin), and mast (histamine, serotonin, heparin) cells. These results provide ultrastructural evidence of digestive tract epithelial barrier reaction as an expression of environmental distress signals of the organism.
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PMID:Environmental monitoring in Lithuania. Environmental distress signals: gastrointestinal epithelial barrier after exposure to chemical agents. 146 10


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