Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Conditions for the isolation of rat hepatocytes that are responsive to insulin with regard to fatty acid synthesis were explored. Cells prepared according to the procedure of Ingebretsen and Wagle require the presence of fetal calf serum for insulin expression. Cells isolated by the Seglen method are the preparation of choice, since they respond to insulin in a simple, well-defined medium and, moreover, show much higher basal rates of fatty acid synthesis. In the latter cells isolated from fed male rats, the rate of fatty acid synthesis, as determined by tritium incorporation from [3H]H2O at 37 degrees C, is enhanced within 30 min after addition of insulin to the incubation medium; with glucagon, it is depressed. In the presence of insulin, the cellular content of malonyl coenzyme A is noticeably increased, whereas the concentrations of pyruvate, lactate, and citrate are not markedly affected. Glucagon, on the other hand, decreases the concentrations of all four intermediates. The activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase is stimulated and depressed after addition of insulin and glucagon, respectively. In all conditions tested, the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase correlates with the rate of fatty acid synthesis, which in turn correlates with the cellular level of malonyl-CoA.
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PMID:Opposite effects of insulin and glucagon in acute hormonal control of hepatic lipogenesis. 46 8

Gas in the stomach, duodenum and hepatic flexure frequently prevents ultrasonic visualization of the distal common bile duct. By filling the stomach and duodenum with water, enhanced by temporary paralysis with glucagon, the gas is displaced and improved visualization of the distal common bile duct is obtained.
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PMID:Technical note: oral water and intravenous glucagon--to aid ultrasonic visualization of the common bile duct. 46 78

After summing up existing theories about the origins and development of functional hepatic encephalopathy, the authors report on the effects of six-hour intravenous infusions of ornithine alphaketoglutarate (60 g dissolved in 500 ml distilled water), administered to 10 patients with ethylic hepatic cirrhosis in conjunction with a normal protein intake (70 g/day). Arterial blood ammonemia, venous blood aminoacidemia and the insulin/glucagon ratio did not vary during or after infusion. This method of treatment therefore seems to meet the protein requirements of these undernourished patients.
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PMID:Effects of ornithine alphaketoglutarate on blood insulin, glucagon and aminoacids in alcoholic cirrhosis. 48 88

Because the gastrointestinal hormones are known to dilate the splanchnic vasculature, their effects on transport of water and solutes during peritoneal dialysis were studied in an experimental model, the rabbit. In unanesthetized rabbits, dialysate volume was calculated by isotope dilution, and clearances were estimated by dialysate/plasma concentration ratio factored by minute volume. With isotonic dialysis solution, the mean increment in dialysate volume per minute of intraperitoneal dwell was 0.19 ml/kg/min, and mean clearances of creatinine and urea were 0.71 and 0.90 ml/kg/min, respectively. When administered intravenously, secretin significantly augmented osmotically induced water flux, but not when given intraperitoneally. Neither glucagon nor cholecystokinin affected dialysate volume. Intravenously, but not intraperitoneally, glucagon increased peritoneal clearances of creatinine and urea to more than 150% of control values. Neither cholecystokinin nor secretin augmented significantly peritoneal mass transport when given by either route. The data suggest that the site of acton is the endothelial surface of the membrane, that the mechanisms of augmenting transport involve increased permeability and/or surface area, and that agents which combine an increase in mass transport and capillary filtration coefficient may be clinically useful.
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PMID:Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on transport by peritoneal dialysis. 51 2

In anesthetized mongreal dogs, the intrarenal arterial (0.2 approximately 1.0 unit/kg-min) and the intravenous infusion (0.4 approximately 2.0 unit/kg-min) of secretin caused dose-dependent increase of RBF, accompanied by decreases of the calculated afferent arteriolar resistance (Ra) and efferent arteriolar resistance (Re), but produced no significant effect on GFR, urine flow, electrolyte excretion, osmolar clearance and free water reabsorption. The distribution of cortical blood flow was examined using the radioactive microsphere technique. The intrarenal infusion of secretin (1.0 unit/kg-min) increased renal cortical blood flow in the juxtamedullary area much more than in the superficial area, shifting the blood flow from the outer to the inner zone. Simultaneous intrarenal infusion of secretin (1.0 unit/kg-min) and glucagon (0.5 microng/kg-min) produced increases in GFR, urine flow and electrolyte excretion to a lesser degree than those induced by glucagon alone, whereas the increment in RBF and the decreases in Ra and Re were almost to the same degree as those caused by secretin alone. The present results indicate that secretin produces the dilation of afferent and efferent arterioles, resulting in an increase in RBF, with no change in GFR and urine flow, and that the effects of glucagon on renal functions are masked by secretin mainly through the effects of renal hemodynamics.
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PMID:[Effects of secretin on renal functions in the dog]. 55 40

When acute (four-hour) hyponatremia with clinical signs of water intoxication was produced in normal weanling mice by the use of hypotonic glucose or deionized water, there was a two-to-fourfold increase in plasma glucose concentration. Concomitantly, concentrations of plasma insulin fell 63 to 68 per cent, whereas plasma glucagon increased to 262 per cent of control. The findings are compatible with stress-induced catecholamine release.
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PMID:Hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and hyperglucagonemia in acute water intoxication. 62 Aug 82

The effect of glucagon on exocrine pancreatic secretion stimulated by a test meal was studied in three dogs with a chronic gastric fistula and a modified Thomas duodenal fistula which allows easier collection of pure pancreatic juice after a meal. Glucagon was given by continuous intravenous infusion in doses of 5, 10, 15, or 30 microgram/kg per hour, before and during a test meal. At each dose level glucagon significantly reduced the water and electrolyte secretion of the pancreas. At 15 and 30 microgram/kg per hour glucagon inhibited protein output; this effect was absent at lower doses. These findings demonstrate a dose-dependent inhibition by glucagon of the pancreatic bicarbonate and protein response to a meal. Inhibition of bicarbonate output was more sensitive to glucagon than that of protein output.
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PMID:Effect of glucagon on canine exocrine pancreatic secretion stimulated by a test meal. 63 47

The trimerization constants of glucagon at pH 10.6 in 0.76 M K2HPO4 have been calculated from circular dichroism data between 5 and 50 degrees C. The free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of transfer have been evaluated from the current results and published data in 0.20 M phosphate. The free energies of transfer are derived completely from an increase in the entropy of transfer, since the enthalpy of transfer is less favorable at all temperatures. These parameters are compared with those of various model groups and compounds: CH2, peptide, methane, ethane, and the 1--13 N-terminal fragments of ribonuclease. The effects of fluoride and chloride on the self-association of glucagon have been compared with that of phosphate at 25 degrees C. These effects are consistent with the binding of approximately one molecule of salt to the trimer and a systematic decrease in the number of water molecules bound to the trimer compared to the monomer for the series K2HPO4, KF, and KCl.
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PMID:Effects of Hofmeister salts on the self-association of glucagon. 64 94

Glucagon forms water-soluble lipoprotein particles with dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine at temperatures below the phase-transition temperature of the lipid. The shape and size of this lipoprotein particle were studied by viscometry, sedimentation velocity, sedimentation equilibrium, quasielastic light scattering, and electron microscopy using both negative-staining and freeze-fracture techniques. The lipoprotein particle has an oblate ellipsoid shape with dimensions of 250 X 70 A and an approximate molecular weight of 1.4 X 106. This molecular weight is similar to that found for small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles but is achieved in the presence of glucagon without sonication. The shape of the glucagon lipoprotein particle is similar to that found for the complex formed between some serum apolipoproteins and dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine. From these data, a model for the glucagon-dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine is proposed consisting of a single bilayer of phospholipid with the glucagon incorporated into the bilayer structure in such a manner as not greatly to disturb the average area occupied per phospholipid molecule.
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PMID:Size and shape of the model lipoprotein complex formed between glucagon and dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine. 67 8

Administration of glucagon has been shown to decrease pulmonary vascular resistance, but its primary site of action is undetermined. Whether this is on the arterial or venous side of the capillary would be reflected in the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. We used the pulmonary flow of lymph, a sensitive index of the transvascular fluid filtration rate, to monitor the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. Eight unanesthetized sheep with a surgically created long-term fistula for monitoring pulmonary lymph were given a 3-mg bolus of glucagon after a baseline period. We found no change in pulmonary arterial or left atrial pressures but noted a significant increase in cardiac output and a decrease in pulmonary resistance. The flow of pulmonary lymph increased by 50 percent for 30 minutes after administration of glucagon, and the protein content of the lymph decreased by 15 percent, indicating a large increase in the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. From these data, we calculated a decrease in arterial resistance from 60 percent to 30 percent of the total and, subsequently, an increase of 6 cm H2O in the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. Administration of glucagon, therefore, decreases the arterial resistance while increasing microvascular pressure in the process.
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PMID:The effect of glucagon on the pulmonary transvascular fluid filtration rate. 67 50


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