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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twelve patients with known esophageal varices and willingness to cooperate were included in the study. Medications administered were placebo, 2 mg of glucagon, and 30 mg of propantheline bromide. All medications were given double-blind and crossover. On the basis of this study the authors believe that for optimal visualization of esophageal varices the following is the procedure of choice: (1) the patient should remain horizontal (this is best done in the left lateral position for comfort and ease of expectoration) for ten minutes after swallowing high density barium; (2) the patient should "clear his throat" frequently and expectorate all saliva (barium sticks to the pharynx and makes the patient want to swallow and "clearing his throat" by forced expiration helps the patient to expectorate this coating and prevents swallowing); (3) filming should be done in expiration in the supine (left posterior oblique to table top) position; and (4) in equivocal cases the examination can be repeated with an anticholinergic drug if the patient has no contraindications to its use. The patient should empty his bladder just before administration of the drug. The intelligent use of these factors should result in a saving of both fluoroscopic time and film, and give the radiologist a safe optimal diagnostic yield.
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PMID:Optimal visualization of esophageal varices. 17 97

In a double-blind crossover clinical trial, 10 healthy volunteers received placebo and 2 mg glucagon intramuscularly preceding barium enema examination on separate days. In addition, 50 patients were given either placebo or 2 mg glucagon prior to barium enema examination in a double-blind study. The results of 38 variables determined on each study population were similar. When glucagon was given, both the patients and examiners noted significantly less discomfort and more bowel relaxation. There were no significant changes in pulse, blood pressure, or electrocardiogram. Adverse reactions did not occur frequently enough to allow confident comparison of placebo and glucagon. It is concluded that the use of glucagon can provide a more comfortable barium examination with acceptable safety.
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PMID:Glucagon and barium enema examinations: a controlled clinical trial. 17 43

The principles and technic of the double contrast examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum are outlined. Use of the hypotonic agent glucagon improves evaluation of the stomach, but optimal visualization of the duodenum may require reexamination after its effect has worn off. The technic is able to show gastric erosions and linear ulcers, both of which are rarely recognizable with conventional examination. The characteristics of malignant gastric ulcers and the presence of fundal lesions are also better demonstrated on double contrast evaluation. Small esophageal carcinomas may be recognized on a double contrast barium swallow. Examples of each of these lesions are illustrated. Many ulcerating lesions are seen "en face" on double contrast, and not in profile, which may require relearning the interpretation of their appearances. For greatest accuracy the double contrast technic should be combined with the conventional examination. As this therefore becomes a more time-consuming examination, we advocate its use only in selected clinical situations rather than on a routine basis.
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PMID:Double contrast examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. 45 47

A barium enema on a patient with chronic ulcerative colitis demonstrated a stricture with the radiographic characteristics of an annular carcinoma. The "lesion" disappeared following administration of glucagon.
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PMID:Pitfalls to avoid: spasm in ulcerative colitis masquerading as carcinoma. 46 77

Six dogs were examined by means of single- and double-contrast barium enemas, and colonic pressures and diameters were recorded at five intervals while the volume of the contrast medium was increased. Examinations were performed with and without administration of glucagon. Changes in colonic pressure and diameter were similar for the two techniques in 77% of the studies with and in 65% of the studies without administration of glucagon. Neither technique produced significantly different pressure or diameter changes with glucagon as compared to without it. Limitations in the experimental technique must be considered before extending results to human subjects.
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PMID:Intracolonic pressures during barium-enema studies using the single- and double- contrast techniques. 47 6

The results of the double examination of the stomach in a series of 102 patients were compared with the findings at endoscopy. Nasogastric intubation was used to introduce the air into the stomach. Hypotonia was achieved mainly with glucagon. The radiologic error rate was 10 per cent, consisting of 7 per cent false negative and 3 per cent false positive findings. The diagnostic advantages of the double contrast technique over those of the conventional barium examination are discussed.
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PMID:Double contrast examination of the stomach compared with endoscopy. 52 16

Twenty-one of 25 episodes of ileocolic intussusception were successfully reduced by the barium enema hydrostatic technique supplemented by glucagon. No apparent serious complications occurred from the use of this drug. The comfort of the children and the ease of filling the colon and small bowel seemed enhanced by the glucagon.
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PMID:The use of glucagon in the diagnosis and management of illeocolic intussusception. 59 74

Radiological accuracy in evaluating the postoperative stomach conventionally ranges from 20 to 70% (as reported in the literature). Alternatively, a double-contrast examination can be performed using a high-density barium-suspension effervescent agent and glucagon. No intubation is required. In 40 patients who underwent gastric surgery, comparison of radiologic and endoscopic findings indicates that a high quality double-contrast study was very accurate. There were 7 radiologic errors (18%) in the 40 examinations. However, in the examinations assigned the highest confidence level there were no errors, while in those assigned the next highest level there was 1.
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PMID:Double-contrast examination of the postoperative stomach. 72 32

While a patient was being evaluated for melena, a glucagon-induced hypotonic examination of the small intestine demonstrated a small ulcerated mass in the jejunum. The tubeless hypotonic examination was performed after multiple gastrointestinal series, small intestinal series, barium enemas, and visceral arteriography--including celiac and superior mesenteric arteriograms--failed to identify a bleeding site. Surgical exploration revealed three ulcerated lymphomatous lesions in the jejunum. The lack of side effects, rapidity of onset, and shortness of duration of intravenous glucagon suggest that this type of hypotonic examination of the small intestine may prove useful as an adjunct to the small intestinal series.
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PMID:Glucagon-induced small intestinal hypotonia demonstrating bleeding lymphoma. 76 46

The effect of glucagon on human colonic myoelectrical activity is described. By means of intraluminal, serosal, and surface electrodes, recordings from all areas of the large bowel have been obtained. Glucagon inhibited both electrical and pressure rhythms in all subjects tested. Evidence is produced to suggest a direct action on colonic smooth muscle. A controlled trial using glucagon during routine barium enema examinations suggests that it may prove to be useful for hypotonic examinations of the colon where painful spasm is present.
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PMID:Glucagon and the colon. 76 29


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