Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The sensitivity to hormones of the fat cell adenylate cyclase system was tested in uremic rats and in pair-fed control animals. Basal enzyme activities averaged 1.25 nmoles of cAMP formed per mg protein per 15 min in controls compared to 1.30 nmoles cAMP/mg protein/15 min in fat cell ghosts obtained from uremic rats. NaF caused an approximately 4-fold stimulation of enzyme activities in both systems. It was shown that parathyroid hormone should be included amongst the hormones which act as stimulators of the enzyme system. The responsiveness of the rat fat cell adenylate cyclase system towards saturating concentrations of ACTH, glucagon, epinephrine and parathyroid hormone was not altered in the presence of chronic renal failure.
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PMID:Unchanged hormone sensitivity of rat fat cell adenylate cyclase in uremia. 19 63

Effect of glucagon, theophylline, NaF and cyclic 3',5'-AMP on the activity of betaine-homocysteine-methyl transferase (BHMT) was studied in homogenates of rat liver tissue. Intraperitoneal administration of theophylline into adult rats increased the BHMT activity in liver tissue. After administration of theophylline the BHMT activity was distinctly increased in liver tissue within 2 hrs, approaching the maximal value within 3 hrs after which it decreased quickly up to 5-6 hrs. Intraperitoneal administration of glucagon into adult rats also increased the BHMT activity; theophylline, administered simultaneously with glucagon, potentiated the effect of the latter on the BHMT activity in liver tissue. Administration of glucagon into rat embryos 1-2 days before the birth was accompanied by a 2-fold increase in the BHMT activity. In the in vitro experiments theophylline (10(-6)-10(-5) M) showed the stimulating effect on the liver tissue BHMT activity. Dibutyryl adenosine-3,5'-cyclic phosphate and NaF caused the variable effect on the BHMT activity in liver tissue of adult rats. Administration of cyclic-3',5'-AMP (5 mg per 100 g of body weight) decreased the BHMT activity in liver tissue mitochondria and increased 2.5-fold the enzyme activity in cytosole.
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PMID:[Stimulating effect of glucagon and theophylline on the activity of rat liver betamine-homocysteine-methyltransferase. Role of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate]. 19 8

The effect of elevated body temperatures on the concentrations of epididymal cyclic AMP levels in non-diabetic, diabetic and hypophysectomized rats was studied. Cyclic AMP levels were increased during hyperthermia in all animals examined. This increase in epididymal cyclic AMP concentration was not seen in animals that had been supplemented with exogenous insulin prior to the experiment. The effect of pituitary lipolytic hormones on epididymal cyclic AMP levels was also investigated. Significant elevations of epididymal cyclic AMP levels were observed in hypophysectomized rats during hyperthermia indicating that pituitary hormones are not essential in causing these increases. Extrapituitary hormones, such as glucagon, might be responsible for epididymal cyclic AMP increases. Increases in epididymal cyclic AMP levels may therefore be the result of the reduction of blood insulin and concomitant increases of lipolytic hormones of both pituitary and extrapituitary origins.
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PMID:Effect of hyperthermia on epididymal cyclic AMP levels in diabetic non-diabetic and hypophysectomized rats. 19 89

The transport of 2-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) into liver tissue was increased by both insulin and glucagon. We have now shown that these hormones do not stimulate the same transport system. Glucagon, possibly via cAMP, increased the hepatic uptake of AIB by a mechanism which resembled system A. This glucagon-sensitive system could be monitored by the use of the model amino acid MeAIB. In contrast, the insulin-stimulated system exhibited little or no affinity for MeAIB and will be referred to as system B. On the basis of other reports that the hepatic transport of AIB is almost entirely Na+ dependent and the present finding that the uptake of 2-aminobicyclo [2,2]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) was not stimulated by either hormone, we conclude that system B is Na+ dependent. Furthermore, insulin added to the perfusate of livers from glucagon-pretreated donors suppressed the increase in AIB or MeAIB uptake. Depending upon the specificities of systems A and B, both of which are unknown for liver tissue, the insulin/glucagon ratio may alter the composition of the intracellular pool of amino acids.
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PMID:Hormonal regulation of hepatic amino acid transport. 19 13

The effect of somatostatin on insulin release by incubated slices of rat pancreas was studied. Somatostatin inhibited insulin release induced by arginine/glucose (A/G), glucagon, glibenclamide, pentoxifyllin, 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), phentolamine, and KCl. When A/G was used as a stimulus, the quantial inhibitory effect of somatostatin was not neutralized by progressively increasing glucose concentrations. The alpha adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine, the phosphodiesterase inhibitors theophylline (10 mM) or pentoxifyllin (10 mM), and KCl partially reversed the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on A/G stimulation. The maximal reversal of somatostatin inhibition was obtained when the slices of pancreas were stimulated with A/G in the presence of the calcium ioniphore A23187 plus ATP. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on insulin secretion could result from calcium translocation in pancreatic beta cells.
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PMID:Studies on the mode of action of somatostatin on insulin secretion. 19 19

The delta6 desaturation of unsaturated acyl-CoA is the first reaction involved in the normal biosynthesis of all polyunsaturated fatty acids families in animal microsomes. Due to this key position it can regulate the biosynthesis of the fatty acids of the series. The reaction is modified by competition with substrates and products, ATP, and acyl-CoA acceptors. Dietary glucose and fructose inhibit the enzyme whereas protein diets and essential fatty acid deficient diets enhance the reaction independently of hormonal effects. The enzyme is sensitive to hormones concentration. Insulin enhance the reaction but the effect is eliminated by protein synthesis inhibition. Hyperglucemic hormones as glucagon, and epinephrine depress the activity of the delta6 desaturase by reactions triggers by an increase of cAMP concentration. The lateral relation of linoleic or alpha-linolenic microsomal elongation is insensitive to insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and protein. All these effects have been proved by either in vivo experiments or cell culture using linoleic or alpha-linolenic acids as substrates.
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PMID:Regulatory function of delta6 desaturate -- key enzyme of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis. 20 Jan 15

The regional concentrations and in-vitro secretions of canine pancreatic polypeptide (cPP), insulin, and glucagon were studied. CPP is found predominantly in the uncinate process of the dog pancreas, whereas insulin and, more markedly, glucagon predominate in the body and tail of the pancreas. In-vitro secretion studies of pancreatic pieces indicate that dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dcAMP) alone can stimulate cPP release whereas glucose and arginine alone have no effect. Arginine, but not glucose, potentiates this stimulant effect of dcAMP. These studies suggest that the cAMP generating system may play a role in regulation of cPP secretion.
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PMID:Regional pancreatic concentration and in-vitro secretion of canine pancreatic polypeptide, insulin, and glucagon. 20 6

Cyclic AMP is a common second messenger for a variety of hormones such as catecholamine, glucagon, and growth hormone, which are affected by cardiac surgery. Changes in plasma cyclic AMP level may thus reflect an altered hormonal milieu. The effects of open-heart surgery on plasma cyclic AMP and its relation with serum insulin were studied in 33 adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Plasma cyclic AMP levels were markedly elevated during cardiopulmonary bypass and returned toward normal within several days after the operation. The serum insulin concentration remained low, and no positive correlation was found with plasma cyclic AMP level. The responses were similar in patients who had aorta-coronary bypass grafts and those who had valve replacements.
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PMID:Levels of plasma cyclic AMP and insulin in cardiac surgery. 20 75

The activity of enzymes of creatin biosynthesis in the rat liver and kidneys has been studied during the postnatal development. The activity of transamidinase of kidneys (E.C. 2.1.4.1.) increases gradually and linearly up to the 20th day after birth, then decreases on the 12th--25th days and increases again up to the level characteristic of the adult organism. The activity of guanidine acetate-N-methyl transferase (E.C. 2.1.1.2.) is rather high during the first days of postnatal development, then decreases and from the 15th day on increases again attaining the maximal level by the 23rd--25th day. The second period of the increase in the enzyme activity begins on the 29th--30th day of postnatal development. The results obtained suggest that the sharp increase of activity of guanidine acetate-N-methyl transferase of the rat liver during the early postnatal development is realized with the participation of cyclic 3',5'-AMP which appears to mediate the glucagon action.
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PMID:[Creatine biosynthesis enzymes in the postnatal development of rats: the role of cyclo-3',5'-AMP and glucagon in the postnatal induction of liver guanidine acetate-N-methyltransferase]. 20 20

Amino acid transport was studied in freshly isolated adult rat hepatocytes using non-metabolizable alpha-amino-1-[14C] isobutyric acid and 1-aminocyclopentane-1-[14C] carboxylic acid. In the presence of sodium, hepatocytes concentrated alpha-aminoisobutyric acid; this concentrative component of the transport had properties similar to transport system A. The sodium-independent transport of aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid had properties similar to transport system L (facilitated diffusion). Glucagon stimulated the influx of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid into hepatocytes. The glucagon effect (a) occurred rapidly, but its full expression required two hours of exposure of the cells to hormone; (b) involved new protein (and possibly RNA) synthesis; and (c) occurred at low concentrations of glucagon (50% effect with 0.4 nm). Glucagon stimulated only system A. Cyclic AMP also stimulated the transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. Freshly isolated hepatocytes appear conveniently suited to the investigation of various aspects of the regulation of liver amino acid transport in normal and pathophysiological states.
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PMID:Amino acid transport in isolated hepatocytes: effect of glucagon. 20 95


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