Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The renal response to a protein meal has been characterized by increases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow and decrease in renal vascular resistance. Several hormonal mediators of this response have been proposed, including renal prostaglandins (PGs). We studied ten normal subjects before and after ingestion of indomethacin. All subjects had three 30-minute baseline creatinine and iothalamate clearances measured before and three one-hour clearances measured after an 80-g protein meal. The night before the second test, the subjects took 25 mg indomethacin and 150 mg one hour before the test meal. Urine PG excretion decreased significantly during the second test, from 0.60 +/- 0.23 to 0.30 +/- 0.14 ng/min (P less than 0.01). Initial iothalamate clearance increased from 110 +/- 10 to a mean of 122 +/- 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 (average increase of 12 mL/min/1.73 m2) during the second hour after the test meal. After ingestion of indomethacin, the GFR remained unchanged from a baseline of 101 +/- 9 to 101 +/- 7 mL/min/1.73 m2 (average change of -1 mL/min/1.73 m2). Because the time of peak increase after the meal varied from subject to subject, the maximal increase in GFR after the meal was calculated and found to be significantly less during the second test, 13 +/- 3 v 22 +/- 4 mL/min/1.73 m2 (P less than 0.05). Because PGs can stimulate glucagon secretion and because glucagon has been suggested to mediate the protein-stimulate GFR response, we measured plasma glucagon during both tests; these levels were not different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of indomethacin on the glomerular filtration rate after a protein meal in humans. 291 3

Detailed examination was performed in 1781 subjects with occult fasting hyperglycaemia (FH), 211 known diabetics (KD), and their corresponding non-diabetic controls (80 CFH, 216 CKD), all found by screening of a well-defined population aged 60-74 years. All but one FH and 90% of KD could be classified as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) when evaluated by a glucagon-C-peptide test. Urine excretion of albumin and beta 2-microglobulin and the creatinine clearance were examined over 1 hour in the resting state. The results show that elderly non-diabetics have a wide range of albumin excretion rates. Occult fasting hyperglycaemia is associated with increased albuminuria not detectable by conventional tests for urinary proteins in males, whereas females do not have increased microalbuminuria. Known NIDDM is associated with increased albuminuria in both sexes indicating a sex difference in the threshold for albuminuria only in subjects with occult fasting hyperglycaemia. The albumin/beta 2-microglobulin excretion ratio indicates that the higher albumin excretion rates associated with occult fasting hyperglycaemia and known NIDDM are of glomerular origin.
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PMID:Microalbuminuria in elderly hyperglycaemic patients and controls. 295 Nov 94

The effects of increasing glucose intake on nitrogen balance, energy expenditure and fuel utilization were measured in malnourished adult patients receiving parenteral nutrition with constant nitrogen intake and high or low glucose intakes for 8 day periods. Energy balance, nitrogen balance, weight and temperature were determined daily. Blood samples taken at admission and at the end of days 7 and 8 of each diet were analysed for glucose, fatty acids, urea, insulin, glucagon and thyroid hormones. The effect of increasing glucose intake was to increase nitrogen balance by 0.28 +/- 0.08 (SEM) mg/kJ. A scheme is proposed, based on present and previous findings, of the separate effects of nitrogen and energy intake on nitrogen balance, permitting calculation of rates of repletion of fat and lean body mass from estimates of nitrogen intake and energy balance. Malnourished patients are shown to attain markedly positive nitrogen balances at zero or negative energy balances. Large errors in estimation of energy requirements have little effect on nitrogen balance. Changes in nitrogen balance were entirely due to changes in urea excretion. Creatinine excretion increased 12% with high glucose intake, attributed mainly to increased muscle mass (7%) and body temperature (4%). A 12% increase in resting energy expenditure was only partly due to costs of glycogen storage and lipogenesis; the remainder, about one-half, is probably due to glucose and insulin mediated increases in sympathetic activity. There were marked increases in 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations with time, but no difference between the high and low glucose diets. The T3/thyroxine ratio, an index of free T3 concentration, increased much more rapidly on the high than on the low glucose diet. Changes in T3 could not account for the effect of glucose, under these conditions, to increase resting energy expenditure.
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PMID:Effects of increasing glucose intake on nitrogen balance and energy expenditure in malnourished adult patients receiving parenteral nutrition. 310 72

Concern about the side effects of various anaesthetic agents in newborn infants has led to the widespread use of anaesthesia with unsupplemented nitrous oxide and oxygen with muscle relaxants in such patients. To investigate the efficacy of such a regimen 36 neonates undergoing operations were randomised to two groups: one group received anaesthesia with nitrous oxide and curare alone and the other was additionally given halothane. Concentrations of metabolites and hormones were measured before and at the end of operation and at six, 12, and 24 hours after operation and the values compared between the two groups. Neonates given halothane anaesthesia showed decreased hormonal responses to operation, with significant differences between the two groups in the changes in adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol concentrations and the ratio of insulin to glucagon concentration. Changes in blood concentrations of glucose and total ketone bodies and plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids were also decreased in neonates receiving halothane anaesthesia. Neonates given anaesthesia with unsupplemented nitrous oxide showed significantly greater increases in the urinary ratio of 3-methylhistidine to creatinine concentration and their clinical condition was also more unstable during and after operation. Unless specifically contraindicated potent anaesthesia with halothane or other anaesthetic agents should be given to all neonates undergoing surgical operations as it decreases their stress responses and improves their clinical stability during and after operation.
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PMID:Does halothane anaesthesia decrease the metabolic and endocrine stress responses of newborn infants undergoing operation? 312 62

The effects of chronic renal failure on the enzyme activity of pyruvate kinase and the mRNA level of this enzyme were studied in 7 out of 8 nephrectomized rats. The mRNA level was measured by RNA-DNA dot blot hybridization, using cloned pyruvate kinase cDNA as hybridized probe. Neither the activity of M1-type pyruvate kinase nor the level of this enzyme in rat gastrocnemius muscle was affected by chronic renal failure, whereas L-type pyruvate kinase enzyme activity in uremic rat liver was lower than that in control at both fasted and refed states. The levels of L-type pyruvate kinase mRNA were not different between two groups at the fasted state. Induction of L-type pyruvate kinase mRNA after high carbohydrate diet refeeding was suppressed proportionally to the severity of chronic renal failure, which was expressed by the serum creatinine concentrations (r = -.876, P less than .005). These results indicate that the suppression of L-type pyruvate kinase activity in uremia was partly reflected by the decreased accumulation of this enzyme mRNA. There was a significantly negative correlation between L-type pyruvate kinase mRNA levels and plasma glucagon/insulin ratios (r = -.719, P less than .05). Hyperglucagonemia in uremia might play a major role in this suppression.
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PMID:Effects of chronic renal failure on the regulation of pyruvate kinase. 329 75

This study correlated fasting plasma C-peptide (CP), plasma CP 6 min after stimulation with 1 mg glucagon i.v., and the mean of three 24-h urinary excretions of C-peptide (UCP)/creatinine in 132 insulin-treated diabetics. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1, stimulated CP less than 0.06 nM (n = 51); group 2, stimulated CP 0.06-0.60 nM (n = 48); and group 3, stimulated CP greater than 0.60 nM (n = 33). In all patients fasting CP was closely correlated to stimulated CP (r = .988, P less than .001), whereas the correlations between UCP and both fasting CP (r = .904, P less than .001) and stimulated CP r = .902, P less than .001) were slightly less pronounced. The associations between UCP and both fasting CP (r = .716, P less than .001) and stimulated CP (r = .731, P less than .001) were modest in group 2, and even more so in group 3 (r = .557, P less than .001 and r = .641, P less than .001, respectively). In conclusion, fasting CP is closely correlated to glucagon-stimulated CP in insulin-treated diabetics and can probably be used equally well in the assessment of beta-cell function. The associations between UCP and both fasting and glucagon-stimulated CP are less pronounced, especially in patients with well-preserved beta-cell function.
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PMID:Correlations between fasting plasma C-peptide, glucagon-stimulated plasma C-peptide, and urinary C-peptide in insulin-treated diabetics. 330 99

Increases in kidney size and function are characteristic features of the early stages of Type I diabetes mellitus, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Other studies have shown that the relative circulating concentrations of insulin and glucagon may be regulatory to renal growth and function. In order to elucidate the role of pancreatic glucagon in diabetic renal growth, subtotal pancreatectomy was performed prior to administration of streptozotocin to rats. Glycosuria and kidney weight were significantly reduced by subtotal pancreatectomy, although creatinine clearance and blood glucose levels were not different from diabetic controls. These data suggest that hyperglucagonemia may be an important mediator of renal growth in insulinopenic diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:The effects of subtotal pancreatectomy on renal growth in streptozotocin diabetic rats. 333 79

Plasma and urinary C-peptide determinations in the discrimination between insulin-requiring and non-insulin-requiring diabetes were elevated in 61 adult diabetics. Specimens for C-peptide determinations were taken on two consecutive days: on the first day plasma C-peptide concentrations were determined before and 6 min after intravenous glucagon administration. On the second day 2- and 4-h urinary C-peptide excretion was measured after an individual breakfast. Results of urinary C-peptide analyses were expressed as molar concentration and also as molar quantity excreted (without any corrections and related to creatinine excretion). Glucagon-stimulated plasma C-peptide turned out to be a reliable criterion for the detection of insulin requirement. Sixty-nine per cent of diabetics included in this study were classifiable by basal plasma C-peptide concentrations. Two-hour postprandial urinary C-peptide/creatinine quotient turned out to be slightly less sensitive (89%) than the glucagon test (94%) and of equal specificity (96%). Glucagon-stimulated plasma C-peptide and postprandial urinary C-peptide excretion correlated significantly among insulin-requiring diabetics (r = 0.73), but not among non-insulin-requiring diabetics (r = 0.23). We regard determination of stimulated plasma C-peptide as a primary investigation for the direct assessment of endogenous insulin secretory reserves for clinical management decisions. Determination of postprandial urinary C-peptide is applicable in selected situations for non-invasive assessment of insulin secretion.
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PMID:Plasma and urinary C-peptide in the classification of adult diabetics. 353 65

In order to evaluate if residual B-cell function is a protecting factor against the development of diabetic retinopathy in type I diabetics we measured C-peptide levels before and after glucagon stimulation (1 mg i.v.) in 74 type I diabetics. In all patients retinopathy was assessed by fluorescein angiography and retinal lesions were classified as: grade 0, normal; grade 1, background retinopathy; grade 2, proliferative retinopathy. We then correlated the degree of retinopathy to sex, age, duration of diabetes, smoking, percentage of ideal body weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and C-peptide by means of multiple linear regression analysis. Twenty-three out of 74 type I diabetics had retinopathy. In all 7 subjects with proliferative retinopathy duration of diabetes exceeded 10 years. There was significant correlation between retinopathy and duration of diabetes (r = 0.373, p less than 0.001). No correlation was found between retinopathy and all the other variables, in particular between retinopathy and basal C-peptide or C-peptide increment (delta). An inverse correlation was found between the increment of C-peptide and duration of diabetes (r = -0.404, p less than 0.01). Our data show that residual B-cell function cannot be considered a protecting factor against the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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PMID:Residual B-cell function in insulin-dependent (type I) diabetics with and without retinopathy. 355 28

The pattern of organ toxicity after single injections of the antitumor agent titanocene dichloride (TDC) in ED90 (40 mg/kg) and LD10 (60 mg/kg) doses to female mice was investigated by analyzing various blood chemical parameters and the composition of urine at intervals between 30 min and 16 days after administration. Whereas the serum levels of electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total bilirubin and cholesterol did not alter, marked and simultaneous increases in serum concentrations of the enzymes GLDH, GOT and GPT occurred pointing to cellular damage within liver parenchyma; these lesions were apparently reversible within 8 and 16 days after application of TDC even at the LD10 dose. Moreover, glucose concentration decreased immediately after TDC administration, obviously stimulating a regulative output of glucagon and cortisol; these effects were also reversible within 4 to 8 days after TDC administration. No hints to nephrotoxicity induced by TDC became manifest in the present study.
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PMID:Pattern of toxicity by titanocene dichloride in mice. Blood and urine chemical parameters. 373 55


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