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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acarbose is a pseudotetrasaccharide of bacterial origin which, in a competitive and reversible way, inhibits intestinal alphaglycosidase. Following such mechanism of action, carbohydrates are not split to monosaccharides and, therefore, cannot be absorbed as easily as in normal conditions. Controlled clinical trials have shown the therapeutic usefulness of Acarbose in the treatment of mon-insulin dependent as well as insulin dependent Diabetes, specially in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Acarbose when it is used in a diet with a time-schedule and calorie distribution typical of a Spanish environment. A cross-over simple-blind study design was followed, in which 8 healthy volunteers, with ages between 23 and 29 years, took at 8:30 a.m. a 530 Kcal breakfast (18% of the daily total), at 13:30 p.m. a 1.400 Kcal lunch (40%), and at 21:00 p.m. a 1.070 Kcal dinner (36%). Before each of the meals 100 mg of Acarbose (or placebo, following a randomized distribution) were administered, and blood samples were drawn-10, 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes, in which glucose levels, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon were determined. When Acarbose was administered statistically significant differences in glycemia and insulin postprandial figures were observed. It is concluded that when Acarbose is administered at a 100 mg dose (t.i.d.) together with a diet with a typically spanish calorie distribution and time-schedule, it produces a significant lowering in the postprandial glucose and insulin raises.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Effect of acarbose on glycemia and pancreatic hormone secretion induced by usual meals in Spain]. 148 14

In this preliminary study, we examined the effects of acarbose and placebo together with a standardized breakfast on blood glucose levels, on breath hydrogen excretion and on plasma insulin and glucagon levels; in addition, the effects on fasting blood levels of metabolites were studied following an evening meal with acarbose or placebo. Acarbose significantly reduced blood glucose levels in 10 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis following a meal containing 100 g of carbohydrate. There were no significant changes in plasma insulin after breakfast but glucagon levels were increased at 1 h after the meal. Breath hydrogen excretion did not change significantly. Acarbose given with a late evening snack reduced fasting beta-hydroxybutyrate levels the next morning in these cirrhotic patients.
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PMID:Effects of the glucosidase inhibitor acarbose in patients with liver cirrhosis. 251 58

Short and middle term effects of Acarbose were studied in volunteers on a standardized, low-fibre, mixed diet for the development of tolerance phenomena with gas exhalations and some peptide hormone levels as main parameters. Both hydrogen and methane were measured quantitatively as diurnal profiles. Acarbose caused an about 20-fold increase of H2 exhalation and had only moderate effects on methane production, indicating the presence of fermentable carbohydrates in the large bowel. Methanogenic individuals exhaled significantly less H2 than did non-methanogenic subjects. Changes in blood glucose, serum insulin, GIP, gastrin, and plasma glucagon, caused by Acarbose, reflected delayed glucose absorption and were plausible within the regulatory framework of carbohydrate assimilation. When the Acarbose regime was maintained for 5 weeks on a controlled diet, abdominal sensations like e.g. meteorism declined remarkably while carbohydrate fermentation remained high and lowered GIP was sustained. Thus functional responses of the gastro-intestinal tract to altered carbohydrate supplies, elicited by Acarbose, were found by 3 independent parameters: anaerobic gas production, peptide hormone levels, and subjective abdominal sensations. The objective parameters seem to remain constant in the longer run, while subjective parameters show long-term adaptation.
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PMID:Effect of Acarbose on the production of hydrogen and methane and on hormonal parameters in young adults under standardized low-fibre mixed diets. 298 18

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the insulin requirement in response to sucrose meal in IDDM and its modulation by a disaccharidase inhibitor, Acarbose. After an overnight fast, the subjects (n = 9) were "hooked" to the artificial pancreas (Biostator) to maintain normoglycemia. Blood glucose and insulin requirement were recorded by the Biostator throughout the experiment. The patients were divided into two groups. In group I, five patients received increasing sucrose load (50, 75 and 100 g) with and without Acarbose 100 mg. After a 50 g sucrose meal with and without Acarbose, the peak postprandial (PP) blood glucose was 118 and 157 mg/dl and the insulin requirement was 3.9 and 7.8 units resulting in free plasma insulin peak of 34 and 59 microU/ml respectively. After a 75 g sucrose meal with and without Acarbose, the peak PC blood glucose was 134 and 166 mg/dl and the insulin requirement was 5.7 and 9.9 units resulting in free plasma insulin peak of 75 and 87 microU/ml. After a 100 g sucrose meal with and without Acarbose the peak PP blood glucose was 131 and 175 mg/dl and the insulin requirement was 6 and 12.8 units resulting in free plasma insulin peak of 50 and 69 microU/ml. In group II, four patients received increasing Acarbose dose with a fixed sucrose load (75 g). The PP blood glucose peaked at 161, 145, 120 and 102 mg/dl after 0, 50, 100, 200 mg of Acarbose respectively. The total insulin requirements were 12.9, 9.6, 4.3 and 3.1 units. The free plasma insulin was decreased by Acarbose treatment while plasma glucagon remained unaffected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The effects of sucrose meal on insulin requirement in IDDM and its modulation by acarbose. 352 70

Acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, lowers the glycemic excursion following the ingestion of carbohydrates, in particular, sucrose. This was confirmed with increasing doses of acarbose (0, 50, and 100 mg) and the causes investigated. The absorption of the glucose moiety of sucrose was determined from plasma tracer concentrations when overnight-fasted normal subjects received a 100-g oral sucrose load labeled with sucrose [(1-14C]glucose and a simultaneous intravenous infusion of [3-3H]glucose. As the dose of acarbose given with the sucrose load was increased from 0 to 100 mg, the percentage of the load appearing in the peripheral circulation decreased from 90% to 62%. Malabsorption was confirmed by the appearance of breath hydrogen. Simultaneously, absorption time increased from 243 to 411 min. Maximal glycemic excursions were therefore lowered from 64 to 31 mg/dl. The plasma concentrations of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin decreased with the acarbose dose so that the fractional disappearance rate of glucose also decreased. However, the concentrations of glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) rose, confirming the ileal appearance of malabsorbed sucrose.
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PMID:The effects of an alpha-glucoside hydrolase inhibitor on glycemia and the absorption of sucrose in man determined using a tracer method. 636 57

This study investigates the effect of Acarbose, a complex oligosaccharide of microbial origin with glucosidase-inhibiting properties in alimentary hypoglycemia secondary to rapid gastric emptying and in reactive hypoglycemia either isolated or associated with impaired glucose tolerance. Twenty-four patients complaining of symptoms suggesting hypoglycemia which occurred after meals and who showed blood glucose values of 2.5 mmol/l (45 mg/dl) or below on one or more occasions during a 5-h oral glucose tolerance test were selected and divided into three groups. Group I comprized seven patients with demonstrated rapid gastric emptying; group II comprized eight patients with impaired glucose tolerance, whereas the nine patients of group III were considered to present with "isolated reactive hypoglycemia" since they had a normal glucose tolerance and did not have either glycosuria or gastroduodenal pathology. All patients were submitted to two oral 75-g sucrose tolerance tests. Acarbose (100 mg) or placebo was ingested with the first drought of the sucrose solution administered in a randomized order. The investigation was performed in a double-blind manner. In all three groups Acarbose significantly reduced the magnitude of post-sucrose reactive hypoglycemia. The blood glucose nadir also occurred later, but this effect was statistically significant in group II only. In patients of groups II and III, such improvement of the glucose nadirs was preceded by a significant reduction of the post-sucrose glycemic peak. In all three groups, the insulin response to oral sucrose was reduced by Acarbose. Another consistent finding was the lack of sucrose-induced glucagon suppression when Acarbose was given. These data suggest that Acarbose might be a useful adjunct to the management of functional hypoglycemia.
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PMID:Acarbose in reactive hypoglycemia: a double-blind study. 669 57

To determine whether the effects of the disaccharidase inhibitor Acarbose on glucose tolerance could be solely explained via an action on intestinal nutrient absorption, the effects of this agent and placebo (100 mg p.o.) on intravenous and postprandial glucose tolerance were compared in six normal subjects. Acarbose significantly diminished plasma glucose, insulin, and gastrointestinal inhibitory polypeptide responses following meal ingestion without affecting plasma glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide responses, but had no effect on plasma glucose and insulin responses following intravenous injection of glucose. These results suggest that the acute effects of Acarbose on glucose tolerance can be explained on the basis of its ability to alter intestinal nutrient absorption.
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PMID:Effects of the disaccharidase inhibitor acarbose on meal and intravenous glucose tolerance in normal man. 704 84

The primary objective of this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised cross-over study was to investigate the influence of acarbose on insulin requirement in patients with Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) following a standardised meal. In addition, the study assessed the effects of acarbose on post-prandial triglyceride, glucagon and gastrointestinal peptide levels, gastric emptying, and oxidative glucose metabolism. Following normalisation of their blood glucose, 10 patients received a standardised meal together with acarbose (100 mg) or placebo. Each patient was evaluated twice (separated by 10+/-3 days), and the cross-over study design ensured that they received both acarbose and placebo. The insulin requirement for maintenance of normoglycaemia was assessed using a closed-loop insulin infusion system (artificial pancreas, Biostator). Acarbose produced a statistically significant reduction in mean insulin requirement over a 3-hr period following the meal compared with placebo (5171.7+/-2282.6 mU vs 8074.5+/-3045.4 mU; p=0.003). The level of blood glucose control over the same period was similar in the two groups. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide levels also showed a statistically significant decrease with acarbose treatment compared with placebo for AUC (area under the curve; p=0.006) and Cmax (maximum plasma concentration; p=0.022), but not tmax (time to reach Cmax from the start of the standardised meal; p>0.05). Analysis of the other efficacy parameters revealed no statistically significant differences between acarbose treatment and placebo (p>0.05). These results indicate that acarbose decreases insulin requirement in patients with T1DM without affecting gastric emptying.
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PMID:Influence of acarbose on post-prandial insulin requirements in patients with Type 1 diabetes. 1082 17

Reactive hypoglycaemia is a rare disease which occurs postprandially in everyday life involving blood glucose levels below 2.5 to 2.8 mmol/l. We report on a 66-year-old patient who developed symptomatic reactive hypoglycaemia due to late dumping syndrome 10 years after oesophagectomy with cervical anastomosis. A 75 g sucrose load revealed a plasma glucose level of 9.4 mmol/l after one hour, followed by symptomatic hypoglycaemia with a plasma glucose level of 1.8 mmol/l after three hours. Concomitantly, high concentrations of insulin (3216 pmol/l at a glucose level of 9.4 mmol/l and 335 pmol/l at a glucose level of 1.8 mmol/l) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (375 pmol/l at a glucose level of 9.4 mmol/l and 85 pmol/l at a glucose level of 1.8 mmol/l) were measured. While the patient was under treatment with acarbose, another sucrose load did not provoke symptomatic hypoglycaemia (plasma glucose nadir of 4.6 mmol/l after two hours). Insulin and GLP-1 levels increased much less, to peak levels of 375 pmol/l and 75 pmol/l respectively, after one hour when plasma glucose was 6.8 mmol/l. We conclude that in patients with reactive hypoglycaemia due to gastrointestinal surgery, acarbose decreases rapid glucose absorption associated with hyperglycaemia and GLP-1 secretion, and thus diminishes excessive insulin release. Acarbose is therefore a successful treatment modality for reactive hypoglycaemia due to late dumping syndrome.
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PMID:Reactive hypoglycaemia due to late dumping syndrome: successful treatment with acarbose. 1138 30

We investigated the effect of acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase and pancreatic alpha-amylase inhibitor, on gastric emptying of solid meals of varying nutrient composition and plasma responses of gut hormones. Gastric emptying was determined with scintigraphy in healthy subjects, and all studies were performed with and without 100 mg of acarbose, in random order, at least 1 wk apart. Acarbose did not alter the emptying of a carbohydrate-free meal, but it delayed emptying of a mixed meal and a carbohydrate-free meal given 2 h after sucrose ingestion. In meal groups with carbohydrates, acarbose attenuated responses of plasma insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) while augmenting responses of CCK, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY). With mixed meal + acarbose, area under the curve (AUC) of gastric emptying was positively correlated with integrated plasma response of GLP-1 (r = 0.68, P < 0.02). With the carbohydrate-free meal after sucrose and acarbose ingestion, AUC of gastric emptying was negatively correlated with integrated plasma response of GIP, implying that prior alteration of carbohydrate absorption modifies gastric emptying of a meal. The results demonstrate that acarbose delays gastric emptying of solid meals and augments release of CCK, GLP-1, and PYY mainly by retarding/inhibiting carbohydrate absorption. Augmented GLP-1 release by acarbose appears to play a major role in the inhibition of gastric emptying of a mixed meal, whereas CCK and PYY may have contributory roles.
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PMID:Inhibition of gastric emptying by acarbose is correlated with GLP-1 response and accompanied by CCK release. 1151 88


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