Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The presence, morphology and distribution of anal neuroendocrine cells were investigated with a panel of antisera and antibodies for neural markers, biogenic amines, and neuropeptides by the sensitive streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase immunocytochemistry, and coexistence patterns of neurochemically characterized neuroendocrine cells were examined by double immunofluorescence cytochemistry. In the colorectal zone, endocrine-like cells were immunoreactive for chromogranin A (CGA), serotonin (5-HT), pancreastatin (PST), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and somatostatin (SOM). Coexistence patterns of endocrine-like cell phenotypes with CGA and GLP-1 were heterogeneous. In the anal transitional zone (ATZ), endocrine-like cells were immunoreactive for CGA, 5-HT and PST. Furthermore, six new phenotypes of endocrine-like cells were characterized by their immunoreactivity for PYY, GLP-1, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neurotensin (NT), and SOM. All endocrine-like cell types in the ATZ were immunoreactive for CGA. In the squamous zone and perianal skin, CGA-immunopositive Merkel cells were also immunoreactive for CGRP, PST, NT and PGP. Neuroendocrine cells in the anal canal exhibit epithelial zone-related diversities in their neurochemical phenotypes and coexistence patterns, which may indicate specific regulatory functions. In the epithelium of the ATZ, which is regarded as metaplastic, endocrine-like cells expressed phenotypes characteristic of the neuroendocrine cells of the colorectal zone and the squamous zones, indicating a possible metaplastic origin of these cells.
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PMID:Distribution and chemical phenotypes of neuroendocrine cells in the human anal canal. 771 84

The diabetogenic effects of streptozotocin (STZ) were studied on blood glucose, plasma insulin, feeding and drinking, body weight, islet morphology, and hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT) release in vehicle-pretreated rats and in rats pretreated with either intracerebroventricular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT; a 5-HT nerve fiber depletor), intraperitoneal injection of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA; a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor), or intraperitoneal injection of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA; a neurotoxin for 5-HT nerve fiber). At four days after STZ administration, vehicle-treated rats displayed hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyphagia, decreased plasma insulin level, derangement of islet morphology (few insulin cells, accumulation of glucagon cells), and elevated 5-HT release in the hypothalamus. The above diabetogenic effects of STZ were attenuated by brain serotonin depletion induced by 5,7-DHT, PCPA, or PCA. Furthermore, the STZ-induced hyperglycemia or derangement of islet morphology was attenuated by peripheral sympathectomy or adrenalectomy. It is concluded that brain serotonin depletion attenuates diabetogenic effects of STZ by reducing sympathetic efferent activity in rats.
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PMID:Brain serotonin depletion attenuates diabetogenic effects of streptozotocin. 776 35

The neuropeptide somatostatin (SRIF) is widely expressed in the brain and in the periphery in two main forms, SRIF-14 and SRIF-28. Similarly, the presence of SRIF receptors throughout the whole body has been reported. SRIF produces a variety of effects including modulation of hormone release (e.g. GH, glucagon, insulin), of neurotransmitter release (e.g. acetylcholine, dopamine, 5-HT), and its own release is modulated by many neurotransmitters. SRIF affects cognitive and behavioural processes, the endocrine system, the gastrointestinal tract and the cardiovascular system and also has tumor growth inhibiting effects. Initially, two classes of SRIF receptors have been proposed on the basis of biochemical and functional studies. However, the recent cloning of five putative SRIF receptor subtypes which belong to the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily suggests that SRIF mediates its various effects via a whole family of receptors. Here we review, in this new context, the molecular pharmacology of the SRIF receptor subtypes present in the brain and in the periphery, and address the question of nomenclature of SRIF receptors.
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PMID:Molecular pharmacology of somatostatin receptors. 787 Jan 82

Enterocolitis (EC) remains the most serious complication of Hirschsprung's disease (HD). The aetiology of EC is uncertain. Ischemic and bacterial causes, and recently rotavirus infection, have been suggested to explain the occurrence of EC. The gut has an abundance of neuroendocrine (NE) cells which modulate gut function by endocrine, paracrine, or neurocrine routes. We studied NE cell populations in the bowel from 16 patients with HD (six of whom had clinical evidence of EC) and rectal tissue from 6 controls. Immunohistochemical studies were carried out using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against chromogranin A, synaptophysin (general markers of NE cells), 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), somatostatin, peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon/glicentin (neuropeptides). The six patients who had clinical evidence of EC prior to defunctioning colostomy showed histological evidence of EC in the defunctioned bowel. Using immunocytochemistry and serial tissue sectioning it was found that the number of NE cells in the aganglionic segment of colon in patients with HD was significantly (P < .05) increased compared with the numbers in the ganglionic segment. However, in the ganglionic colon, there was a significant (P < .05) reduction in NE cells in EC patients compared with non-EC patients. These results were seen both with the generic endocrine cell marker chromogranin A, which stains virtually all endocrine cells, and with specific markers for 5-HT, PYY, and glucagon/glicentin, which identify distinct subpopulations of endocrine cells. These differences may be partially responsible for previous conflicting reports of NE cell distribution in HD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Regional reduction in intestinal neuroendocrine cell populations in enterocolitis complicating Hirschsprung's disease. 790 60

Our previous study indicated that tryptamine induces a dose-related increase in plasma glucagon levels of mice and that this effect is mediated by the peripheral serotonin2 (5-HT2) receptor. The present paper further investigated the involvement of serotonergic and catecholaminergic systems in hyperglucagonemia elicited by tryptamine. An inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis, p-chlorophenylalanine, did not affect tryptamine-induced increases in plasma glucagon levels. Tryptamine-induced hyperglucagonemia was not inhibited by adrenalectomy or by an inhibition of catecholamine synthesis by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. These findings indicate that tryptamine-induced hyperglucagonemia is elicited by its direct activation of 5-HT2 receptors and is not mediated by levels of endogenous 5-HT and catecholamines. The results further suggest that the peripheral 5-HT2 receptor has a possible role in the release of glucagon.
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PMID:Effects of tryptamine on plasma glucagon levels in mice. 790 28

The endocrine cells of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) stomach have been investigated using the immunocytochemical techniques of peroxidase-anti-peroxidase and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complexes on paraffin sections. 33 antisera were tested and eight immunoreactivities were detected: somatostatin-, glucagon- bombesin-, substance P-, serotonin-, met-enkephalin-, CCK/gastrin-, and chromogranin-like containing cells. All of them were present throughout the gastric mucosa except CCK/gastrin-like containing cells that were restricted to the pyloric epithelium. Somatostatin 25 and chromogranin immunoreactive cells are described for the first time in fish stomach. Serotonin immunoreactive cells were also positive for the Grimelius technique and some of them were immunoreactive to anti substance P or anti CCK/gastrin. Immunoreactivities for gastrin 17, gastrin 34 and CCK appeared in the same cells and the absorption controls showed that a molecule containing the carboxi-terminal pentapeptide of this family was present in trout stomach.
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PMID:Regulatory peptides in gastric endocrine cells of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: general distribution and colocalizations. 791 36

Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on ten samples of gastrointestinal carcinoids resected in Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital. All samples showed positive reaction to chromogranin A. Serotonin was detected in 8 samples, somatostatin in 4 samples, gastrin in 2 samples. Glucagon/Glicentin in 1 sample, and PYY production in 2 samples. CEA production was detected in 8 samples, and microvascular invasion was observed in 6 of these 8 patients. The PCNA/cyclin labeling index (L.I.) of the cases with metastases was significantly higher than those without metastases. In conclusion, the expression of CEA and the PCNA/cyclin L.I. may be useful markers of the malignant potential of carcinoid tumors.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical analysis of gastrointestinal carcinoids. 810 55

Glucagon injected in the lateral hypothalamus stimulates sympathetic activity and suppresses monamine metabolism. The central hypothesis underlying this study is that there is a reciprocal relationship between food intake and sympathetic activity to IBAT. This hypothesis was tested by using intrahypothalamic microinjections of glucagon, a peptide that has been reported to decrease food intake. Sympathetic nerve activity to interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) was measured as electrophysiological discharges of sympathetic nerves to IBAT. The microinjection of glucagon into the lateral hypothalamus (LH) increased sympathetic nerve activity by +103.8 +/- 35.0% (mean +/- S.E.M.) from pre-injection basal level by 30 min after injection. There was a gradual return to baseline. Micro-injection of glucagon into the LH depressed food intake. Monoamine metabolism was measured by using a microdialysis probe attached to a guide cannula for microinjection of glucagon into the LH. After microinjection of glucagon, the dialysates were collected over 30 min intervals and assayed for norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and their metabolites (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG); 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA); and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). Glucagon suppressed both NE and MHPG concentrations in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), and the concentration of DOPAC was also decreased. There was no change of 5-HT concentration but 5-HIAA levels were reduced by glucagon treatment. These data show that glucagon injected in the LH stimulates sympathetic activity and suggest that this may have occurred by suppression of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin turnover in the LH of freely moving rats. These data support the hypothesis of a reciprocal relationship between food intake and sympathetic activity.
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PMID:Glucagon injected in the lateral hypothalamus stimulates sympathetic activity and suppresses monoamine metabolism. 811 8

Peripherally administered serotonin (5-HT) induced a marked increase in the plasma glucagon level in mice. The hyperglucagonemic effects of 5-HT were completely antagonized by methysergide, ketanserin and ritanserin which have a high affinity for 5-HT2 receptors. However, the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ICS 205-930 and MDL 72222 were without effect. These findings suggest that the activation of the peripheral 5-HT2 receptor induces the increase in plasma glucagon level and that these receptors may play a role in the release of glucagon.
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PMID:Peripherally administered serotonin induces hyperglucagonemia in mice. 850 21

Endocrine cells were detected in the gastro-enteric tract of the fallow deer by means of immunohistochemical procedures, using antibodies against serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin, glucagon and cholecystokinin. The number of cells positive for each antiserum in each region was evaluated. Serotonin-containing enterochromaffin (Ec) cells were present in every region investigated and were most numerous in the proximal duodenum. Cells positive for somatostatin were present in all the regions studied, with the exception of the colon, and were especially numerous in the proper gastric-gland region. Cells that were stained by the anti-gastrin antibody were very numerous in the pyloric-gland region but only rare in the duodenum. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were only detected in the large intestine and their frequency was always less than 10/0.5 mm2. Cholecystokinin-containing cells were scarce and restricted to the pyloric-gland region and duodenum.
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PMID:The endocrine cells in the gastro-enteric tract of adult fallow deer (Dama dama L.). 854 24


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