Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The morphological and functional characteristics of the endocrine cells of the oxyntic (acid-secreting) mucosa of the human stomach, a target of the trophic effect of gastrin, are reviewed. In healthy subjects these cells account for 0.90 +/- 0.35% of the volume of the entire mucosa and for 1.21 +/- 0.44% of the volume of the epithelial mucosal component alone. The cells show no extension to the glandular lumen and show an intimate anatomic relationship with contiguous non-endocrine epithelial cells. This configuration indicates undefined local functions of the paracrine type not influenced by the gastric lumen content. Seven cell types were identified ultrastructurally, three of which (enterochromaffin-like (ECL), P and D) cumulatively account for more than 75% of the total endocrine cell mass. The secretory product(s) of the endocrine cells has not been demonstrated definitively with the exception of minor cell populations producing glucagon (only in the fetal life), somatostatin and 5-HT. Recently, production of histamine and glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit by oxyntic endocrine cells of man have been reported. However, histamine seems to occur in these cells normally, whereas the production of glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit appears to be virtually restricted to cells of patients with hypergastrinaemic conditions.
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PMID:Structure and function of endocrine cells in the oxyntic (acid-secreting) mucosa of human stomach. 269 Mar 28

The distribution and the frequency of occurrence of nine types of gut endocrine cells were revealed using immunohistochemical methods in eight portions from the gastrointestinal tract of the chicken (Gallus gallus var domestica). In the proventriculus, somatostatin- and gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP)-immunoreactive cells were commonly found. Serotonin-, pancreatic glucagon-, and enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells were uncommon. Avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP)-immunoreactive cells were rare. In the gizzard, numerous GRP-, and a small number of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were observed. The pyloric region was characterized by the presence of abundant gastrin-, somatostatin-, and neurotensin-immunoreactive cells. Numerous serotonin-immunoreactive cells were detected in all portions of the intestine. Moderate numbers of neurotensin-immunoreactive cells were detected in all portions of the intestine except for the cecum. A few gastrin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were detected in the duodenum and jejunum. A small number of pancreatic glucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected in the jejunum and ileum. Enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected in the small intestine in increasing numbers forwards the ileum. Motilin-immunoreactive cells were rare in the small intestine.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study on the distribution of endocrine cells in the chicken gastrointestinal tract. 280 Jun 74

Five antisera against insulin (Ins), glucagon (Glu), somatostatin (SRIF), met-enkephalin (met-enk), and serotonin (5-HT) were used for immunofluorescence detection of endocrine cells in pancreas and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) at three stages of development (leptocephalic larva, glass-eel, and adult eel). Comparable distribution of endocrine cells was observed for adults and glass-eels. In their pancreatic islets, positive immunoreactions were obtained only for Ins, SRIF, and Glu; this later was also present in the pancreatic ducts. 5-HT cells were present throughout the GIT. SRIF cells were situated mostly in the stomach and less in the intestine. Met-enk cells were abundant in the pyloric cecum, but less frequent in the intestinal mucosa. Glu cells were present only in the intestine. No insulin-immunoreactive cells could be detected in the GIT. The pancreatic islets of leptocephalic larvae exhibited a strong reaction for SRIF, a weak reaction for Glu, and none at all for Ins, met-Enk, or 5-HT. The GIT of these larvae contained numerous met-enk cells, mainly in the foregut. In the fore- and midgut, cells exhibited a weak fluorescence after treatment with Glu antiserum. No positive immunoreactive cells were observed with 5-HT, SRIF, or Ins antisera.
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PMID:Detection of endocrine cells by immunofluorescence method in the gastroenteropancreatic system of the adult eel, glass-eel, and leptocephalic larva (Anguilla anguilla L.). 286 Nov 42

We surveyed retinas of Raja erinacea, Mustelus canis, and Squalus acanthias for neurotransmitter substances by using antisera directed against the substances themselves or against their synthesizing enzymes. Both the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) and indirect fluorescent techniques were employed to visualize the primary antisera. In all three species positive results were obtained with antisera directed against tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), serotonin (5-HT), and leucine enkephalin (Lenk). Antisera directed against glucagon, neurotensin, beta-endorphin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, or bombesin failed to show any specific staining. Immunoreactivity was located in amacrine, interplexiform, and horizontal cells as well as in axons of the optic fiber layer. The four antisera labelled different amacrine cell classes, distinguished on the bases of perikaryal morphology and the distribution of cell processes in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Amacrine cells that labelled with the same marker were seen to have different morphologies in the species studied. Thus, TOH-like immunoreactivity was distributed in layers 1, 3, and 5 of the IPL in Mustelus but only in layers 1 and 3 in Raja retina. GAD-like immunoreactivity was found diffusely over all layers of the IPL in Raja, but in Mustelus it was confined primarily to layers 1, 3, and 5 of the IPL. Lenk- and 5-HT-like immunoreactivities showed similar species variations. Two neurochemical classes of interplexiform cell were identified in this study. In Mustelus GAD-like and Lenk-like immunoreactive interplexiform cells were seen whereas in Raja only GAD-positive interplexiform cells were detected. In squalus no unequivocal demonstration of any interplexiform cell was made with these antisera. The GAD antiserum also labelled a subset of the horizontal cells in the dorsal retina of Raja. TOH and 5-HT-antisera labelled axons in the optic fiber layer of all three species but reactive ganglion cell perikarya were not identified.
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PMID:Retinal neurochemistry of three elasmobranch species: an immunohistochemical approach. 286 65

Chronic treatment of rats with dexfenfluramine decreased the concentrations of circulating corticosterone, fatty acid, glycerol, and triacylglycerol after feeding a test load of fructose. It also decreased the rise in adrenalin in the blood of rats that were anaesthetized with urethane. These effects of dexfenfluramine probably result from changes in the metabolism of 5-HT in the CNS and consequent alterations in hormonal balance. It is proposed that the long-term metabolic effects of dexfenfluramine could be explained by a decrease in the effectiveness of stress hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids, corticotropin, catecholamines, glucagon) in regulating metabolism since these hormones antagonize many of the actions of insulin. This hypothesis also identifies the possibility that the ability of dexfenfluramine to decrease an exaggerate stress response could alleviate some of the potential risk factors associated with atherosclerosis including obesity and maturity onset diabetes.
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PMID:Metabolic and hormonal effects of dexfenfluramine on stress situations. 318 Jan 10

Bovine pancreatic endocrine cells were investigated by light microscopic immunohistochemistry. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells as well as insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP)-immunoreactive cells were detected in the pancreatic islets. Generally, insulin-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the islet and the others took peripheral location. Since the distribution and shape of serotonin-immunoreactive cells were very similar to glucagon- and BPP-immunoreactive cells, serial sections were restained by using the elution method. All glucagon- and BPP-immunoreactive cells also showed serotonin immunoreactivity but glucagon and BPP immunoreactivities were never observed to be colocalized in the same cell. A small number of serotonin-immunoreactive cells were observed that showed serotonin immunoreactivity only.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study on the endocrine pancreas of cattle with special reference to coexistence of serotonin and glucagon or bovine pancreatic polypeptide. 328 30

The distribution of enteroendocrine cells showing immunoreactivities to four peptides and one amine was examined in the gastric mucosa of the opossum during postnatal development using specific immunocytochemical methods. Gastrin-, BPP-, glucagon-, somatostatin- and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were identified in the gastric mucosa of the newborn opossum. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the epithelial lining of the pylorus; glucagon-immunoreactive cells were seen only in the epithelium of the fundus. Somatostatin- and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were found in the epithelium of both fundic and pyloric regions. BPP-immunoreactive cells were the most numerous endocrine cell type seen in the gastric epithelium of the newborn opossum and although found mainly at the confluence of the fundic and pyloric regions, were confined primarily to the fundus in the one week old opossum and all older animals. A marked increase in all five immunoreactive cell types was seen by the end of the first postnatal week. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were the most numerous at this time and exceeded adult numbers. Both glucagon- and BPP-immunoreactive cells were confined to the fundic glands of older animals and showed the same pattern of decline with age. Somatostatin- and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells showed a shift in population from the fundus to the pylorus with age and together with gastrin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to a narrow zone at the bottoms of the gastric pits and the upper parts of the pyloric glands.
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PMID:Enteroendocrine cells in the developing opossum stomach. 332

Argyrophil cells were identified by the single-impregnation Grimelius technique in 11 of 28 (39%) Brenner tumors, accounting for less than 1% of the tumor cell population in all the cases. All tumors with argyrophil cells were stained to demonstrate calcitonin, somatostatin, gastrin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon, and serotonin; and four of them (three benign and one borderline) were also stained for chromogranins with the monoclonal antibody LK2H10. Serotonin was present in nine of the 11 cases with argyrophil cells. Neurotensin and somatostatin were found in one borderline tumor, which also contained serotonin. Chromogranin reactivity was demonstrated in all four cases in which it was examined. Ultrastructural examination of one tumor revealed that the argyrophil cells contained secretory granules, 80 nm in diameter, and had elongated cytoplasmic processes that extended between the more numerous nonargyrophil tumor cells. The argyrophil cells of Brenner tumors are similar to those of urothelium in the frequency with which they are immunoreactive for serotonin and the rarity with which they are reactive for peptide hormones. These cells differ from those of mucinous ovarian tumors, which often contain both serotonin and peptide hormones. The findings of this study lend additional support to the close similarity of the epithelial components of Brenner tumors and urothelium.
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PMID:Argyrophil cells in Brenner tumors: histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. 353 Oct 49

Peptides and non-peptides acting as vasoconstrictors or vasodilators have been tested in dog isolated carotid arteries with and without endothelium and in the presence and absence of a variety of antagonists and inhibitors of endogenous substances. It has been found that substance P and several other tachykinins, bradykinin, neurotensin, bombesin and acetylcholine relax the isolated artery only when the endothelium is present, while VIP, isopropylnoradrenaline, adenosine, histamine, prostaglandins E1 and E2, glucagon and insulin relax and angiotensin, vasopressin, oxytocin, 5-HT and noradrenaline contract the isolated vessel, no matter whether the endothelium is present or not. Peptide and non-peptide antagonists have been used with success to show that vasoconstrictors and vasodilators act on specific receptors, since their effects are reduced in the presence of antagonists, specific for one or another of the various agents. Inhibitors of the arachidonic acid cascade only reduce the effect of acetylcholine, suggesting that at least two different mechanisms are involved in the endothelium-mediated relaxation of arterial smooth muscles to peptide and non-peptide agents. The results summarised in this paper suggest that the site of action of several vasodilators is the endothelium, while other vasodilators and all the vasoconstrictors influence the arterial vessels tone presumably by acting on the smooth muscle cells.
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PMID:Effects of peptides and non-peptides on isolated arterial smooth muscles: role of endothelium. 393 Feb 67

The distribution and quantification of enteroendocrine cells exhibiting immunoreactivities to nine peptides and one amine were examined in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the adult opossum using specific immunocytochemical methods. In the stomach, 90% of the enteroendocrine cells are confined to the pyloric glands and this region contained 73% of the gastrin-containing cells, 60% of the somatostatin-containing cells and 9% of cells reactive for 5-HT. Enteroendocrine cells showing immunoreactivities to glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin and 5-HT were observed scattered within the oxyntic glands. Only somatostatin and 5-HT positive cells were found in the cardiac glands. Immunoreactivities to CCK, glucagon, gastrin, BPP, somatostatin, secretin, motilin, neurotensin, GIP and 5-HT were observed in the epithelium of the small intestine. Although considerable variation exists in the distribution of individual enteroendocrine cell types along the intestinal tract, nearly equal numbers of enteroendocrine cells were observed in each segment. The percentage of enteroendocrine cells increases distally in the colon. Of the three enteroendocrine cell types present, somatostatin- and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells are evenly distributed, whereas neurotensin-immunoreactive cells increase in numbers distally, resulting in an increase in total number.
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PMID:Quantitative distribution of enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the adult opossum, Didelphis virginiana. 407 99


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