Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

7 gastrinomes and 1 gastrin-producer complex carcinoma-carcinoid tumor were examined by light and electron microscopical-method and by immunohistochemical method. In six cases, the tumor was in the pancreas or in the wall of duodenum; in two cases its localisation was of extra-gastroenteropancreatic (liver, lymph node). All patients developed Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, three patients bled and one had diarrhea. One patient had other tumors, besides gastrinome, which were characteristic of MEN-I syndrome. By immunohistochemical methods all tumors proved to be gastrin and neuron-specific-enolase positive. In four cases somatostatin positivity, in some cases glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, S-100 protein, keratin and carcinoembryonal antigen positivity were detected. Relation could not be detected between other polypeptide hormones, produced besides gastrin, and biological behaviour of tumor and clinical symptoms.
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PMID:[Gastrinoma and carcinoma-carcinoid tumor causing Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]. 238 29

Twenty medullary carcinomas of the thyroid gland were examined for the presence of immunoreactive calcitonin, thyroglobulin, glucagon, keratin, gastrin/CCK, carcinoembryonic antibody (CEA), insulin, serotonin, adreno-corticotropic hormone (ACTH), prostatic acid phosphatase, and somatostatin using the immunoperoxidase peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. In addition, they were stained with mucicarmine, alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Grimelius, Congo red, crystal violet, and Fontana-Masson stains. Calcitonin-immunoreactive cells were absent in one tumor and present in 19 tumors (95%). Thyroglobulin was present in seven tumors (35%). Twenty tumors contained CEA-immunoreactive cells (100%). Fourteen cases were immunoreactive to serotonin (70%) and 12 were positive for somatostatin (60%). Glucagon- and gastrin/CCK-immunoreactive cells were found in two cases each (10%). Four tumors (20%) contained ACTH-immunoreactive cells and three cases (15%) were positive for prostatic acid phosphatase. Five cases (25%) contained keratin-immunoreactive cells. One case was immunoreactive to insulin (5%). Grimelius-positive cells were present in 19 of the cases (95%). Mucin-containing cells were present in 65% of the cases. The validity of the immunocytochemical localizations was tested by specific absorption of each antibody with the corresponding antigen. The demonstration of immunoreactivity for multiple antigens in each of the 20 cases suggests that the origin of medullary thyroid carcinomas is from a neuroendocrine cell potentially capable of producing numerous hormone substances. In addition, as the neoplastic cells in 35% of the tumors contained hormonal substances as well as thyroglobulin, it is suggested that papillary or follicular tumors mixed with a neuroendocrine component exist more commonly than previously suspected. Finally, psammoma bodies might be present in pure medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.
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PMID:Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical features with review of the literature. 241 97

Three cases of pancreatoblastoma in children were examined immunohistochemically and the results were compared with those of pancreatic duct carcinoma in adults. The pancreatoblastoma demonstrated positive reactions to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (67%: 2/3), alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) (100%: 3/3), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (67%: 2/3) and keratin (33%: 1/3), although CEA was only weakly positive in both cases. On the other hand, adult pancreatic duct carcinoma showed positive reactions as follows; AFP: 3% (1/29), AAT: 21% (6/29), CEA: 97% (28/29) and keratin: 93% (27/29). Also, endocrine substances including insulin, glucagon and somatostatin were all negative in the pancreatoblastomas. Two cases of pancreatoblastoma which were immunohistochemically positive for AFP also showed elevation of the serum AFP level clinically. The different expressive pattern of oncofetal antigens in pancreatoblastoma as compared with pancreatic duct carcinoma in adults may provide further supporting evidence for the embryonic nature of pancreatoblastoma, and suggests that such a pattern might be used as a tumor marker for pancreatoblastoma.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of pancreatoblastoma. 244 37

The histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical features of twenty gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours are presented. Histologically, the foregut and hindgut carcinoids showed trabecular pattern and midgut carcinoid tumours usually showed insular type of growth. Histochemically, using the silver stains by the Grimelius and Masson-Fontana techniques, most (18 cases) were argyrophilic and 8 were argentaffin positive. Two appendiceal carcinoids were non-reactive. Mucin positivity was noted in a case of mucin producing carcinoid of the appendix. Immunohistochemistry for wide spectrum keratin, cytokeratin PKK1, carcinoembryonic antigen, neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament and S-100 protein revealed epithelial and neural characteristics of carcinoid tumour cells. Wide spectrum keratin was positive in 12 while cytokeratin PKKI was negative in all. Carcinoembryonic antigen positivity was noted in 8 cases. Neuron-specific enolase immunoreactivity was seen in 18 cases whereas neurofilament was negative. S-100 protein positive cells were observed in close contact with and/or intermingled with tumour cells but the tumour cells themselves were negative. Immunoreactivity for somatostatin was seen in 8 cases, glucagon in three, and corticotrophin, insulin and gastrin in one case each. More than one hormone expression was noted in three cases, one each of gastric, appendiceal and rectal carcinoid tumours. These findings suggest that carcinoid tumours may develop from an uncommitted cell native to the site of tumour and differentiates along one or more directions, and the immunohistochemical findings and secretory profile of these tumour cells depend upon the direction of their differentiation.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours: histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study. 246 Nov 42

The clinical, microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of 7 gastrinomas and 1 combined carcinoma-carcinoid tumor were evaluated. The tumors were located in the pancreas or duodenal wall in 6 cases, and on extragastro-enteropancreatic sites in 2 (liver or peripancreatic lymph node). All patients had the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 3 of them with additional bleeding and 1 with diarrhea. One patient with gastrinoma had additional tumors characteristic of the MEN-I syndrome. Immunohistochemistry showed gastrin and neuron-specific enolase-positivity in all of the tumors. Somatostatin was found in 4 cases, and single cell glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide. S-100 protein, keratin as well as carcino-embryonic antigen positivity in another few. Additional hormone production did not appear to be connected with biological behaviour of the tumors or with the clinical symptoms.
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PMID:Studies into gastrinomas and combined carcinomatous carcinoid tumors. Optical light- and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. 248 34

Primary carcinoid tumours of the middle ear are extremely rare, only nine cases having been reported. However, their true incidence is probably greater, since they are very difficult or impossible to distinguish from adenomas and adenocarcinomas with conventional histological stains. We describe the clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings in a carcinoid tumour of the middle ear in a 50-year-old woman. Immunohistochemical studies on non-neoplastic middle ear mucosa undertaken to investigate the histogenesis of such tumours are also reported. Histologically, the tumour consisted of both solid areas and areas of tubular structures containing intraluminal mucus. All the tumour cells reacted with the anti-keratin antibody KL 1; some were argyrophil and reacted with antibodies against neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A, Leu-7, serotonin, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon and lysozyme. Electron microscopy revealed dense core granules in the tumour cells. Endocrine cells could not be detected in non-neoplastic middle ear mucosa. Pancreatic-polypeptide-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated immunohistochemically in all three other published cases of carcinoid tumour of the middle ear investigated for this peptide, and glucagon-like immunoreactivity was also exhibited by one of these. Since carcinoid tumours of the middle ear often, as in this case, exhibit some degree of glandular differentiation, immunohistochemical or electron-microscopic investigation to detect neuroendocrine differentiation is of particular importance in adenomatous middle ear neoplasms.
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PMID:Carcinoid tumour of the middle ear. A morphological and immunohistochemical study with comments on histogenesis and differential diagnosis. 248 Dec 99

The importance of distinguishing between malignant islet cell tumour and pancreatic carcinoma is emphasized in this report of a 57-year-old woman who presented with an epigastric mass. Clinically and radiologically it was diagnosed as a pancreatic adenocarcinoma. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimen obtained under ultrasonic guidance showed tumour cells suggestive of an islet cell tumour. Immunostaining and electron microscopy were performed on the aspirate. The tumour cells stained positive with antibodies to keratin, glucagon and gastrin; ultrastructural examination revealed neurosecretory granules, confirming the diagnosis of an islet cell tumour. Angiography was performed to assess the possibility of debulking the mass. This case demonstrates the value of immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy on fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens of the pancreas to differentiate islet cell tumours, which are potentially curable, from pancreatic adenocarcinomas, which carry a 5-year survival rate of less than 2%.
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PMID:Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of an islet cell tumour simulating pancreatic carcinoma. 284 41

Microcystic adenoma (serous cystadenoma) of the pancreas (MA) is an unusual benign tumor of uncertain histogenesis. We have studied 14 cases of MA from 11 women and three men. The average age at diagnosis was 64 years. Six tumors were discovered incidentally. Tumors varied from 2.5 to 12 cm in greatest dimension and all were multicystic; eight tumors were located in the pancreatic head, two in the body, and three in the tail. Each tumor was composed of variably sized cysts lined by simple cuboidal or flattened, focally glycogen-rich epithelium. The stroma was variably collagenized and showed highly vascularized, delicate to broad fibrous septae, which focally contained dystrophic calcification, cholesterol clefts, and hemosiderin. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on eight cases to determine the cell of origin. Epithelial membrane antigen and a low-molecular-weight keratin, detected by monoclonal antibodies PKK1 or AE1/AE3, were diffusely seen in tumor cells of all cases. Tumor cells were uniformly negative for carcinoembryonic antigen, chromogranin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, pancreatic polypeptide, and a low-molecular-weight keratin detected by monoclonal antibody PKK2. Tumor cell antigen reactivity most resembled that seen in normal centroacinar and ductal cells. Electron microscopy of seven cases showed primitive tumor cells with irregularly spaced, short, blunt microvilli, luminal occluding junctions and belt desmosomes, bundles of filaments including dense bodies in both apical and basal cell cytoplasm, sparse organelles, and variable but often pronounced amounts of glycogen. These ultrastructural features most closely resembled the normal pancreatic centroacinar cell. Based on both immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features described above, we conclude that the centroacinar cell is the cell of origin of MA.
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PMID:Microcystic adenoma (serous cystadenoma) of the pancreas. A study of 14 cases with immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic correlation. 335 51

Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas from six female patients were studied using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy to define better their histogenesis. The tumors ranged in diameter from 5 to 15 cm (average: 9 cm), and, on cross section, most had areas of hemorrhage and necrosis, sometimes extensive. Microscopically, there was a solid and pseudopapillary pattern, with tumor cells typically having ovoid nuclei with delicate folding and indistinct nucleoli. Of note were the following: a relatively low mitotic rate (range: 0-6/20 hpf), the presence of hyaline globules (four of six cases), and collections of foam cells (three of six cases). Staining for cytoplasmic argyrophil granules was negative in each case. Ultrastructurally, the solid and papillary epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas showed evidence of acinar or ductular differentiation. Two contained zymogen granules, one had intermediate filaments (probably keratin), and three had abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Immunostaining was positive for chymotrypsin (six of six cases), trypsin (four of six), and amylase (three of six). None was positive for alpha-1-antitrypsin, neuron-specific enolase, pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin, glucagon, somatostatin, or insulin. The findings support an origin from exocrine pancreas, and follow-up indicates a low rate of malignancy, with local recurrence in two of the six patients.
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PMID:Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas. An ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study of six cases. 381 76

The aim of the present study was to distinguish and describe the patterns of distribution of pancreatic islets within the pancreas of four species of laboratory animals, including rats, dogs, minipigs and monkeys, and furthermore, to identify immunohistochemically various islet cell types and characterize their content. Histopathological examinations were performed on sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunostained using rabbit polyclonal antibodies (pAb) against insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), somatostatin, chromogranin A, keratin, bombesin and gastrin, or mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against synaptophysin, Leu-7 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in three-step rabbit immunoperoxidase (PAP) and streptavidin/peroxidase (StreptABC/HRP) reactions. Positive immunohistochemical reactions were observed in the pancreatic islets of all animal species with all antibodies, except with anti-bombesin and anti-gastrin antibodies. Our results revealed that: 1) there is species specific regional arrangement of islets in the pancreas, 2) each species presents a characteristic distribution of cells producing different hormones. 3) immunoreactivity with immunohistochemical markers varies between species and/or age. The present comparative immunohistochemical study could be helpful for answering questions which are important for understanding some of the intricate mechanisms that govern the integrated function of the endocrine pancreas.
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PMID:A comparative immunohistochemical study of pancreatic islets in laboratory animals (rats, dogs, minipigs, nonhuman primates). 968 46


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