Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine if carbohydrates perfused into the ileum affect gastric emptying and circulating levels of gastrointestinal hormones, 18 healthy subjects were intubated with an oroileal tube. A 400-cal (60% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 20% fat) homogenized meal labeled with 111In-DTPA was then infused into the stomach over 10 min. Simultaneously, a test solution of normal saline (n = 6) or 12.5 (n = 4), 25 (n = 4), 50 (n = 2), or 100 (n = 2) mg/min of carbohydrates (75% rice starch, 25% glucose) containing a nonabsorbable marker, polyethylene glycol, was continuously perfused into the terminal ileum at 3 ml/min for 7 h. In one-half of the subjects the perfusate contained an amylase inhibitor (3.3 mg/ml) that reduced starch digestion and carbohydrate absorption. Gastric emptying was measured by a dual-headed gamma-camera. Plasma concentrations of hormones and the amount of carbohydrates passing the ileum were measured every 10 min. The amylase inhibitor significantly reduced the absorption of complex carbohydrates from the terminal ileum (p less than 0.05). Gastric emptying was significantly slowed by ileal perfusion of carbohydrates (p less than 0.01). This effect was enhanced by the amylase inhibitor (p = 0.06). Plasma concentrations of C-peptide, glucagon, motilin, gastrin, and human pancreatic polypeptide were not related to gastric emptying or ileal perfusates, but decreased concentrations of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and neurotensin and increased concentrations of peptide YY were significantly associated (p less than 0.05) with slowing of gastric emptying. Perfusing carbohydrates into the ileum was associated with nausea, abdominal pain, and vomiting, but we could detect no direct relationship between the onset of these symptoms and gastric emptying. Slowing of gastric emptying of a homogenized mixed meal by the entry of complex carbohydrates into the ileum may be partly mediated by peptide YY or nonvagally mediated neural mechanisms.
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PMID:Effect of ileal perfusion of carbohydrates and amylase inhibitor on gastrointestinal hormones and emptying. 246 4

Galanin was infused intravenously in 8 healthy volunteers at a dose of 40 pmol/kg.min for 1 h to investigate the pharmacologic effects of this peptide on postprandial gastrointestinal motility and gut peptide release in humans. Galanin strongly inhibited gastrointestinal motility. Gastric emptying was significantly delayed, with the time taken to empty 50% of the gastric contents increasing from 59.0 +/- 4.8 min (control infusion) to 99.3 +/- 4.7 min (galanin infusion). Mouth-to-cecum transit time increased from 67.5 +/- 6.9 to 126.3 +/- 18.5 min. Galanin potently suppressed the initial postprandial rise in plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, neurotensin, enteroglucagon, pancreatic glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide, but did not change gastric inhibitory polypeptide, motilin, peptide histidine methionine, and gastrin concentrations compared with control. The results indicate that an infusion of galanin has potent effects on the gastrointestinal tract in humans. The changes in motor activity in particular suggest that the local galaninergic innervation could have an important physiologic role in the control of human gastrointestinal propulsive motor activity.
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PMID:Inhibitory effect of galanin on postprandial gastrointestinal motility and gut hormone release in humans. 247 97

The seric levels of gastrin, pancreatic glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, enteroglucagon, motilin and cholecistokinin were evaluated in ten patients with chronic Chagas' disease and compared with those observed in nine normal control subjects. The seric values of all the hormones were determined on basal stimulation, after continuous intravenous secretin infusion and infusion of stepwise increased concentrations of caerulein (direct stimulation), and after intravenous secretin administration followed by intraduodenal instilation of increased concentrations of phenylalanina (combined stimulation). All the hormones, basal and after direct stimulation, showed similar values, except gastrin that in the chagasic group presented higher levels than in control subjects. Phenylalanine and pancreatic polypeptide showed significantly higher values in the control group than in the one of patients with Chagas' disease. The hormonal response in patients with chronic Chagas' disease suggested a neural impairment of the enteropancreatic axis.
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PMID:[Gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones in patients with chronic Chagas' disease]. 251 72

Octreotide is a long-acting cyclic octapeptide with pharmacologic actions mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin. It can suppress the secretion of serotonin, as well as the gastroenteropancreatic peptides gastrin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), insulin, glucagon, secretin, motilin, and pancreatic polypeptide. It also suppresses growth hormone and decreases splanchnic blood flow. Octreotide is completely and rapidly absorbed following subcutaneous injection and has an elimination half-life of 1.5 hours. Clinical trials reviewed here show octreotide useful in the treatment of diarrhea associated with VIP secreting tumors, as well as diarrhea and flushing associated with carcinoid syndrome, both conditions for which the drug is approved. Clinical trials involving the use of octreotide in the treatment of acromegaly are also reviewed. Adverse reactions to octreotide are mild to moderate and most commonly involve injection site pain and diarrhea. Drug interactions are apparently related to the drug's pharmacologic effects. Octreotide is given subcutaneously two to three times daily, with daily doses ranging from 50mcg to 1,500mcg per day. Further research appears necessary to clarify dosing issues.
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PMID:Debut of a somatostatin analog: octreotide in review. 255 39

The gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) endocrine system of three reptiles, Testudo graeca, Mauremys caspica, and Lacerta lepida, was investigated by means of immunocytochemistry. Single and double immunostaining methods have demonstrated immunoreactivity for insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), somatostatin, serotonin, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in endocrine cells of the pancreas of the reptiles studied. Islet-like structures with insulin-immunoreactive (IR) cells surrounded by glucagon-IR cells were observed only in the splenic portion of the pancreas of M. caspica. Occasionally, somatostatin- and PP-IR cells were associated with glucagon-containing cells. Endocrine cells were also observed in the excretory ducts of the exocrine glands. Serotonin, bombesin, neurotensin, gastrin, glucagon, somatostatin, PYY, and insulin were demonstrated immunocytochemically in open-type GEP cells of the digestive tract of the animals studied. Serotonin, somatostatin, and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were the most abundant endocrine cell types. In L. lepida, PP- and peptide tyrosine tyrosine-immunoreactive cells were also frequently observed. Cells containing cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide, met- and leu-enkephalin, motilin, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide could not be detected. The present work demonstrates that the reptilian GEP endocrine system is a complex structure containing most of the regulatory peptides similar in structure to those found in higher vertebrates.
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PMID:Comparative immunohistochemical study of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system of three reptiles. 257 25

The distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus (Family Soricidae, Order Insectivora) was studied immunohistochemically. The hormones investigated were gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, secretin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), motilin and neurotensin. In the gastric mucosa, gastrin and somatostatin cells were only found in the pyloric regions, and no other hormonal cell-types were observed. In the intestinal mucosa, the largest number of endocrine cells belonged to the gastrin and glucagon/glicentin cell-types, whereas CCK-33/39 and secretin cells were the least numerous. Numbers of other cell-types were intermediate between these two groups. The gastrin and GIP cells were mostly localized in the proximal portion of the intestine, decreasing in number towards the distal portion. The motilin and CCK-33/39 cells were restricted to the proximal half. The glucagon/glicentin and neurotensin cells were most abundant in the middle portion. The somatostatin and secretin cells, although only present in small numbers, were randomly distributed throughout the intestine. This characteristic distribution of gastrointestinal endocrine cells is discussed in comparison with the distribution patterns of other mammals.
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PMID:The distribution of endocrine cells in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract of the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus (Insectivora). 258 80

After colectomy, continent ileal reservoirs are an accepted alternative to conventional ileostomy for patients with ulcerative colitis. To assess the effect of these reservoirs on digestive function, circulating and morphologic gut endocrine responses were measured in patients with a continent ileostomy or with a pelvic pouch and compared to patients with conventional ileostomy, with active ulcerative colitis and healthy controls. Eight subjects were studied in each group. Basal and postprandial plasma gastrin, enteroglucagon, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, insulin, pancreatic glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide in both groups with ileal reservoirs were equivalent to controls. Basal plasma motilin and postprandial plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide were raised in ileal reservoir patients, but similar changes also occurred in ulcerative colitis patients and those with conventional ileostomy. In one half of patients, cell populations of enteroglucagon, peptide YY, and neurotensin were decreased in pouch mucosa that corresponded with the presence of mucosal inflammation. On the other hand, with pouch inflammation vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive nerves were increased and a proportion of the fibres were moderately coarsened. Mucosal concentrations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide did not, however, exceed that of controls. After an ileal reservoir sufficient reserve remains for gut hormone release into the circulation, suggesting compensation for the presence of a reservoir and the absence of a colon; circulating hormone changes do occur but are consequent upon previous ulcerative colitis. Reservoirs may show neuromorphologic alterations that appear to be related to mucosal inflammation.
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PMID:Gut hormone responses after reconstructive surgery for ulcerative colitis. 261 86

The endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the domestic pigeon (Columba livia var domestica) were studied immunohistochemically, and their distribution and relative frequencies were determined. In the proventriculus, moderate numbers of somatostatin- and numerous gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP)-immunoreactive cells were found. No immunoreactive cells were detected in the gizzard. In the pyloric region, many motilin-immunoreactive cells were found in addition to numerous somatostatin- and gastrin-immunoreactive cells. In the intestine, somatostatin-, gastrin-, serotonin-, neurotensin-, pancreatic glucagon- and enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells were found to have in differing distribution patterns.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study on the distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of domestic pigeon, (Columba livia var domestica). 267 58

We have assessed the effects of intravenous infusion of bovine pancreatic polypeptide (PP) (1 microgram kg-1 h-1) on the basal and postprandial secretion of gastrointestinal, pancreatic and adrenocortical hormones in normal dogs. Bovine PP within the physiological range increased plasma cortisol levels transiently but significantly. PP elicited an inhibition of insulin response to a protein-rich meal, and tended to reduce the gastrin response. There were, however, no significant changes in basal or postprandial plasma concentrations of motilin and pancreatic glucagon during PP infusion. These results suggest that PP may have a role in controlling insulin secretion from the pancreas. The possible mechanisms are discussed mainly on the basis of vagal innervation.
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PMID:Effects of pancreatic polypeptide on basal and meal stimulated secretion of gastrointestinal, pancreatic and adrenocortical hormones in the dog. 279 63

Gastrointestinal hormones and regulatory peptides of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) influence many digestive functions and therefore it is essential in diseases of the GIT to search also for changes of GIT hormones in plasma or for an altered response of the target organ to hormonal abnormalities. An unequivocal physiological function is known so far only in gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, motilin, somatostatin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide. The authors analyzes therefore different nosological unites, or clinical syndromes associated with excessive production of gastrin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, glucagon and somatostatin. He discusses also the syndrome of malignant carcinoid caused by excessive formation of serotonin in the enterochromaffin cells of the GIT which by its symptoms can imitate some apudomas of the GIT.
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PMID:[Hormonal changes in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract]. 280 Mar 78


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