Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunohistochemical studies of the gastrointestinal tract were carried out to characterize the cells exhibiting immunoreactivity for chromogranin A (CGA), a glycosylated protein primarily found in secretory granules of the adrenal medulla. Double immunostaining for gastrointestinal hormones and CGA revealed that in the bovine gastrointestinal tract CGA immunoreactivity occurs in mucosal epithelial cells containing gastrin, glucagon, substance P or motilin, but not in those containing somatostatin. Combined staining with anti-CGA serum and Grimelius' silver demonstrated frequent association of the two stains in a variety of endocrine cells. However, intracellular distribution of the two stains was different: CGA-immunoreactivity was detected in both supra- and infranuclear cytoplasm, whereas Grimelius' silver was mostly localized in the infranuclear region. These results suggest that CGA is the target of Grimelius' silver, as postulated recently (Rindi et al., 1986), but that some subcellular structure-related modification of molecules such as sialation is necessary for the positive Grimelius reaction.
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PMID:Localization of chromogranin A-immunoreactivity in bovine gastrointestinal endocrine cells with special reference to Grimelius silver stain. 169 53

The levels of 10 regulatory peptides in acid-alcohol extracts of three regions of the small intestine (0-20%, 30-60%, and 70-100%, with respect to distance from the pylorus) have been monitored radioimmunometrically in sham-infected male (6-8 week old) C57 mice and mice given a 5-cysticercoid infection of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and autopsied 10 days postprimary infection and 5 days postsecondary infection (administered 28 days postprimary infection). The regulatory peptides examined were gastrin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), glucagon (= enteroglucagon), motilin, neurotensin (NT), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), somatostatin (SRIF), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Statistical analyses revealed significant deviations from control values of five of the peptides (enteroglucagon and SP, both elevated; NT, PHI and VIP, all lowered) in intestinal tissue from infected mice; measurement of the same peptides in colonic extracts revealed no significant differences between infected and sham-infected mice. Parallel changes in peptide levels between normal infected and immunosuppressed infected mice were not evident, although elevations in the tissue levels of enteroglucagon and SP were found in infected Wistar rats (normal host). Results are discussed with respect to a peptidergic involvement in the pathology and host immune response to an intestinal tapeworm.
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PMID:Hymenolepis diminuta: changes in the levels of certain intestinal regulatory peptides in infected C57 mice. 171 77

The gizzard (muscular stomach) of chicks is deficient in endocrine cells at hatching. It has previously been shown that proventricular types and proportions of endocrine cells can be induced in gizzard endoderm under the influence of proventricular (glandular stomach) mesenchyme. In order to test its capacity to form nongastric endocrine cell types, gizzard endoderm of 3.75- to 5-day chick embryos was combined with mesenchyme from the small intestine of 3.5- to 4-day quail embryos. The combinations were grown as chorio-allantoic grafts until they attained an incubation age comparable to that of hatching chicks. Controls comprised reassociated endoderm and mesenchyme of chick gizzard and of quail intestine. In the experimental grafts, morphogenesis was predominantly intestinal but some grafts showed gizzard-like features, particularly if the endoderm had been provided by older donors. All intestinal endocrine cell types, including those also found in the normal proventriculus (serotonin-, glucagon-, pancreatic polypeptide-, neurotensin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells) differentiated in experimental grafts, some even where morphogenesis was gizzard-like. Hence progenitors of not only gastric, but also intestinal, endocrine cells are indeed present in gizzard endoderm. The possibility that gizzard mesenchyme is inhibitory to endocrine cell differentiation is mooted. Motilin- and secretin-immunoreactive cells, which are characteristic of the intestine but not of the proventriculus of chicks at hatching, were respectively sparse or absent when the endoderm was derived from older donors. Thus the ability of gizzard endoderm to differentiate into nongastric endocrine cell types declines before its capacity to form gastric types. The unexpected appearance of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-immunoreactive cells, a proventricular type not found in normal chick intestine, suggests that the intestinal mesenchyme, at least in this instance, was exercising a permissive role.
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PMID:Intestinal mesenchyme provokes differentiation of intestinal endocrine cells in gizzard endoderm. 197 70

Pancreatic endocrine cells were examined in a primitive egg-laying mammal, the echidna, using immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactive endocrine cells were observed using antisera to insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, avian pancreatic polypeptide and bovine pancreatic polypeptide. In addition, motilin-immunoreactive cells were identified in both the endocrine and exocrine pancreas of pouch-young and adult echidnas using three types of motilin antisera. Since the motilin-immunoreactive cells did not cross-react with any other pancreatic hormones tested, they are identified as an independent endocrine cell type.
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PMID:A survey of endocrine cells in the pancreas of the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) with special reference to pancreatic motilin cells. 198 99

The endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the musk shrew were studied immunohistochemically. Eleven kinds of endocrine cells, immunoreactive for serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin, cholecistokinin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, motilin, secretin, neurotensin, pancreatic glucagon, enteroglucagon and bovine pancreatic polypeptide, were revealed. In the stomach, serotonin-, somatostatin-, gastrin-, pancreatic glucagon- and enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected. The first three types of cells predominated and were more abundant in the pyloric glands than in the other stomach regions. In the small intestine, all types of endocrine cells were found, each having different distributions and relative frequencies. In the large intestine, 10 types of endocrine cells except cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cells were detected. Serotonin- and bovine pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells were more numerous in the large intestine than in the small intestine.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study on the distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the musk shrew, Suncus murinus. 213 60

In the present study of 45 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, the frequency and clinical importance of the release of multiple gastrointestinal peptides were assessed prospectively. During an initial evaluation, extent of gastrinoma, clinical symptoms, disease duration, and presence or absence of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type I (MEN-I) were assessed. All patients had determinations of fasting plasma gastrin, human pancreatic polypeptide, motilin, neurotensin, and somatostatin; 35 had determinations of insulin and gastrin-releasing peptide and 21 had determinations of glucagon. A plasma elevation of additional peptides besides gastrin was detected in 62%, with 44% having one, 18% having two, and 0% having three additional peptides elevated. Motilin was elevated in 29%, human pancreatic polypeptide in 27%, neurotensin in 20%, and gastrin-releasing peptide in 10%, whereas insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin were not elevated in any patient. The presence or absence of elevation of any peptide did not differ in patients with or without MEN-I, with gastrinoma size, with the presence or absence of metastatic disease, or with various clinical symptoms. Patients were assessed yearly for clinical evidence of a secondary symptomatic pancreatic endocrine tumor syndrome with a median follow-up of 146 and 84 months from onset or diagnosis, respectively. Only one patient (2% of patients) developed a second syndrome (rate, 2 patients per 100 patients observed for 10 years). These results demonstrate that the plasma elevation of multiple gastrointestinal peptides is common in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome; however, the rate of developing a second symptomatic pancreatic endocrine tumor syndrome is much lower than generally believed. Furthermore, no evidence is found to support the conclusions that the detection of the plasma elevation of these peptides is clinically important in assessing MEN-I status, disease extent, or presence of metastatic disease or that elevated levels of motilin, neurotensin, gastrin-releasing peptide, or human pancreatic peptide are associated with any distinct clinical symptoms. Therefore, we recommend that plasma concentrations of these additional gastrointestinal peptides should not be assessed routinely but rather only if new symptoms develop.
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PMID:Multiple hormone elevations in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Prospective study of clinical significance and of the development of a second symptomatic pancreatic endocrine tumor syndrome. 222 72

The gastrointestinal tract of the King's skink (Egernia kingii) was examined for the presence of fifteen regulatory peptides, two proteinases and an amine by immunohistochemical methods. Immunoreactivity was detected for somatostatin, gastrin, motilin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide, pepsinogen and serotonin, but not for avian pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory peptide, secretin, cholecystokinin, enteroglucagon, pancreatic glucagon, gastrin-releasing polypeptide, neurotensin, vasoactive inhibitory polypeptide, leu-enkephalin or chymosin. The six peptides detected in E. kingii have been previously found in the gastrointestinal tract of squamate reptiles; however, immunoreactivity for other peptides previously detected in squamates, in particular another skink, was not observed. In addition, chromogranin was found to be effective in the detection of endocrine cells though its specificity was unknown.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of endocrine cells of the alimentary tract of the King's skink (Egernia kingii). 225 71

The regional distribution and relative frequency of argyrophil cells, and of cells immunoreactive for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), substance P (SP), somatostatin, glicentin, glucagon, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), gastrin, leucine-enkephalin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin, secretin, motilin, and neurotensin were studied in 9 segments from the gastrointestinal tract of cows (greater than 1 year old) and calves (less than 3 months old). Argyrophil cells, 5-HT-immunoreactive cells, and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, whereas the other immunoreactive cells were more restricted in distribution. Most endocrine cells were more numerous in the calf than in the cow. This feature was most conspicuous in the abomasum. In the abomasum, argyrophil cells in the cow and calf and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells in the calf were found predominantly in the fundic region, whereas somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and gastrin-immunoreactive cells in the cow and calf and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells in the cow were most numerous in the pyloric region. Substance P-, glucagon-, BPP-, and leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive cells were rarely detected. In the small intestine, argyrophil cells, 5-HT-, SP-, somatostatin-, gastrin-, GIP-, cholecystokinin-, secretin-, and motilin-immunoreactive cells were most numerous in the duodenum. Neurotensin-, glicentin-, glucagon-, and BPP-immunoreactive cells were detected with the highest frequency in the ileum. In the large intestine, argyrophil cells and 5-HT-, glicentin-, BPP-, somatostatin-, glucagon-, and SP-immunoreactive cells occurred with the highest frequency in the rectum.
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PMID:Histologic and immunocytochemical study of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the cow and calf. 241 Nov 74

In order to characterize the differentiation of endocrine cells present in Barrett's oesophagus and to determine if they express a single or multiple hormonal pattern, endoscopic biopsies were taken from both the lesion and the fundus of 45 patients and studied at the light microscopical level. Conventional histology revealed three different epithelial patterns: gastric atrophic fundic, intestinal and junctional. A mixture of these patterns was present in 28 cases (62%) and the single type was identified in 17 cases (38%). The use of three silver staining methods and antibodies to human chromogranins allowed us to identify numerous endocrine cells in all but 1 case. Eleven sera against all the most common hormones stored in the endocrine cells of the gut were used to identify the main products of the cells. The following immunoreactivities were identified: 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (in 75% of the studied cases), somatostatin (87%), motilin (31%), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) (20%), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (20%), gastrin (15%), glucagon (15%), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (13%), secretin (7%) and neurotensin (2%). No cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cells were identified. Our results indicated that, in Barrett's epithelium, both gastric and intestinal endocrine cells differentiate, in accordance with the variability of differentiation in the non-endocrine cells present in the different types of columnar epithelium. These findings provide support for the conclusion that Barrett's epithelium arises from a pluripotential stem cell capable of both gastric and intestinal differentiation.
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PMID:A mixed pattern of endocrine cells in metaplastic Barrett's oesophagus. Evidence that the epithelium derives from a pluripotential stem cell. 244 38

Sandostatin (SMS 201-995 (SMS)), a potent, long acting analog of native somatostatin was used in five patients with functional endocrine tumors (gastrinoma, two patients; insulinoma, one patient; glucagonoma, one, and adult onset nesidioblastosis, one). Primary and secondary peptide levels were obtained during provocation with a test meal, a calcium infusion, a secretin bolus and either a glucagon or tolbutamide bolus. During provocation test, the levels of the primary peptides insulin and C-peptide (nesidioblastosis and insulinoma), gastrin (gastrinoma), glucagon (glucagonoma) and the secondary peptides calcitonin, gastrointestinal peptide, gastrin releasing peptide, motilin, neurotensin, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin, substance-P and vasoactive intestinal peptide were obtained at predetermined intervals and quantitated by radioimmunoassay. SMS therapy was begun and peptide levels were again obtained during provocation. SMS suppressed basal primary peptide levels in all patients by more than 50 per cent. In 23 of 26 provocative tests, SMS effectively decreased circulating peptide levels by more than 50 per cent. Thirteen instances of elevated basal secondary peptides were discovered, and SMS universally suppressed these levels by a mean of 54 per cent. Of the 44 provocative tests performed, elevated secondary peptide levels were present in 41. SMS was effective in 31 of these 41 tests. The mean suppression of these provoked secondary peptide levels was 70 per cent. SMS effectively suppresses both basal and provoked peptides and, thus, provides relief of the clinical symptoms induced by pathologic elevations of primary and secondary peptides.
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PMID:Suppression of primary and secondary peptides with somatostatin analog in the therapy of functional endocrine tumors. 246 Sep 58


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