Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Phenylephrine (1.5 x 10(-6) M) administered to perfused livers from fed rats gave rise to a rapid, parallel increase in oxygen uptake and glucose output. The time of onset for oxygen uptake was 9.9 +/- 0.4 s following phenylephrine administration, and immediately preceded glucose output which occurred at 11.6 +/- 0.5 s. Near-maximal effects were observed 50 s following alpha-agonist treatment. Both responses appear to be mediated by alpha- 1-adrenergic receptors. The mitochondrial respiratory chain blockers antimycin A and rotenone, inhibited the alpha-agonist-induced oxygen uptake and glycogenolytic responses at inhibitor concentrations similar to those required to block uncoupler-stimulated respiration in the intact perfused liver. Oligomycin and carboxyatractyloside also inhibited the phenylephrine-induced respiratory response. Vasopressin (1 milliunit/ml), and angiotensin II (6 x 10(-9) M) had effects similar to phenylephrine in the perfused liver which also were prevented by the prior administration of antimycin A and rotenone. In contrast, glucagon-induced (10(-8) M) glycogenolysis proceeded in the absence of large changes in respiration, was slower in onset (26.1 +/- 4.2 s following hormone administration), and was not inhibited by mitochondrial respiratory blockers. These data indicate that glycogenolysis induced by alpha-adrenergic agonists, vasopressin, and angiotensin II is associated with a large increase in mitochondrial respiration, that may play a role in a general, as yet undefined mechanism whereby these agents stimulate glycogenolysis in rat liver.
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PMID:Studies on alpha-adrenergic-induced respiration and glycogenolysis in perfused rat liver. 705 51

Vasopressin, angiotensin II, glucagon and epinephrine (through a cAMP-independent, alpha1adrenergic mechanism), stimulate ureogenesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Mitochondria, isolated from hepatocytes which were previously treated with these hormones, displayed an enhanced rate of citrulline synthesis in the presence of NH4Cl as the nitrogen source. When mitochondria were incubated with glutamine as the nitrogen source, only those mitochondria isolated from hepatocytes previously treated with epinephrine or glucagon displayed an enhanced capacity to synthesize citrulline. When cells were incubated in the absence of extracellular calcium, the effects of vasopressin and angiotensin II on urea synthesis were abolished, whereas those of epinephrine and glucagon were only diminished. Mitochondria isolated from cells incubated under these conditions, showed that the effect of all these hormones on citrulline synthesis could still be observed. However, the effects of glucagon and epinephrine plus propranolol were larger than those of angiotensin II or vasopressin. Phosphatidylinositol labeling was significantly increased by epinephrine, vasopressin and angiotensin II both in the absence or presence of calcium. Cyclic AMP levels were significantly increased by glucagon or epinephrine but not by vasopressin or angiotensin II. The effect of epinephrine on cyclic AMP levels was blocked by propranolol both in the absence or presence of calcium.
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PMID:Vasopressin and angiotensin II stimulate ureogenesis through increased mitochondrial citrulline production. 715 49

Sixteen peptides were injected intracerebroventricularly to test their effects on rectal temperature of rabbits in a thermoneutral environment. In initial tests 5 micrograms alpha-MSH, ACTH(1--24), oxytocin, vasopressin and glucagon altered body temperature while ACTH(1--10), cholecystokinin, contraceptive tetrapeptide, gastrin, insulin, interferon, leupeptin, LHRH, panhibin (somatostatin), and proctolin did not. Bombesin also altered body temperature but in no consistent direction. In further tests on the effective peptides 1.25--5.0 micrograms alpha-MSH and ACTH(1--24) produced dose-related decreases in rectal temperature as great as 1.0 degrees C. The same doses of oxytocin and glucagon produced small, prolonged hyperthermias which did not exceed 0.4 degrees C. Vasopressin caused rapid development of small increases in rectal temperature; temperature returned to normal in 2--3 hr. The results suggest that five of the peptides tested may have roles in central mediation of normal body temperature, hypothermia, hyperthermia and fever.
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PMID:Central administration of peptides alters thermoregulation in the rabbit. 724 7

Vasopressin (10nM) inhibited ketogenesis (56%) in hepatocytes from fed rats when oleate (1 mM) was the substrate, but had no effect with butyrate (10mM). The hormone increased the accumulation of lactate and stimulated the esterification of [1(-14)C]oleate (70%). These effects of vasopressin were reversed by glucagon (10 nM). The physiological implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Interactions between vasopressin and glucagon on ketogenesis and oleate metabolism in isolated hepatocytes from fed rats. 737 69

The effects of infused glucagon, histamine and vasopressin on blood flow in anaesthetized rats with intrahepatic tumors were studied using microspheres labelled with 99Tcm or 51Cr isotopes. Considerable circulatory effects were noted both in central hemodynamic parameters as well as in organ and tissue blood flows. glucagon infusion increased blood flow in the spleen and small intestine while hepatic artery flow was unchanged. Histamine induce a decrease in hepatic and pulmonary blood flow Vasopressin showed a pronounced decrease in blood flow in all organs measured. Relative tumor blood flow was registered as the ratio between tumor flow and arterial hepatic flow. A relative decrease of tumor blood flow in relation to surrounding liver tissue blood flow was registered after infusion of vasopressin. No effects were seen after glucagon or histamine infusion.
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PMID:Blood flow in experimental liver tumors: effect of vasoactive drugs. 746 35

Hormones that elevate cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]cyt) often use Ca2+ as a messenger to activate intramitochondrial metabolic processes. However, the mitochondrial Ca2+ level also regulates the activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), a process that involves the assembly of a high conductance proteinaceous pore across the inner and outer membrane. Studies on intact liver cells indicate that the MPT is a critical step in the cell killing induced by anoxia or respiratory inhibitors. In this study, we used freshly isolated hepatocytes to investigate to what extent the elevation of [Ca2+]cyt by vasopressin or other agonists causes Ca2+ accumulation in the mitochondria and how this treatment affects the mitochondrial susceptibility to undergo the MPT. Hepatocytes were incubated with vasopressin, glucagon, or with thapsigargin (an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump) prior to permeabilization with digitonin. Mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation was determined by following the ionomycin-induced Ca2+ release in permeabilized cells and mitochondrial swelling was studied by following cyclosporin A-sensitive light scattering changes induced by phenyl-arsenoxide and rotenone. The results indicate that agents that elevate [Ca2+]cyt cause a significant Ca2+ accumulation in the mitochondria. Excessive Ca2+ accumulation (> 10-fold increase over basal levels) was obtained with the combination of vasopressin and glucagon or with incubations containing thapsigargin. These conditions were also associated with a marked increase in rotenone-induced mitochondrial swelling. However, the more modest increase in mitochondrial Ca2+ content after treating cells with vasopressin alone did not enhance the swelling response; instead, vasopressin suppressed mitochondrial swelling compared to control incubations. Vasopressin also partly suppressed the swelling associated with thapsigargin treatment, although it did not significantly affect the Ca2+ accumulation under these conditions. This effect of vasopressin was mimicked by phorbol ester, suggesting a role for protein kinase C. The data indicate that mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation following elevation of elevation of [Ca2+]cyt enhances the susceptibility for activation of the MPT, a response that may increase cell injury during anoxia or in response to other challenges. However, hormones also activate protective responses in the cell that suppress the MPT.
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PMID:Calcium ion-dependent signalling and mitochondrial dysfunction: mitochondrial calcium uptake during hormonal stimulation in intact liver cells and its implication for the mitochondrial permeability transition. 759 32

Bile salt uptake by hepatocytes is modulated in part by changes in intracellular cyclic AMP. We studied the effect of activation of protein kinase C on cyclic AMP-mediated taurocholate uptake in isolated rat hepatocytes. Both dibutyryl cyclic AMP (2 x 10(-6) mol/L) and glucagon (10(-6) mol/L), which increase intracellular cyclic AMP, enhanced the initial uptake rate of taurocholate into hepatocytes, with maximal increases of 45% to 50% over the basal uptake rate. Vasopressin (10(-9) mol/L), a hormone known to activate protein kinase C, and phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (10(-5) mol/L) significantly inhibited the glucagon-stimulated increase in taurocholate uptake rate (72% +/- 10% and 105% +/- 13% inhibition, respectively). Basal (unstimulated) taurocholate uptake rate was not affected by vasopressin or phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate. Down-regulation of the glucagon-stimulated transport was rapid and persisted during the 20-min experimental period. Angiotensin II had a similar but more transient inhibitory effect. Vasopressin and phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate suppression of glucagon-stimulated taurocholate uptake rate was not accompanied by diminished cyclic AMP levels. Moreover, vasopressin and phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate inhibited dibutyryl cyclic AMP-stimulated taurocholate uptake rate can be dissociated from alterations in the cyclic AMP levels.
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PMID:Vasopressin and phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate inhibit glucagon- or cyclic AMP-stimulated taurocholate uptake in isolated rat hepatocytes. 802 Aug 86

A study was made of the initial responses of perfusate Ca2+ fluxes and bile flow to Ca(2+)-mobilizing agonists, following refinements to the methods for analysing these parameters in the perfused rat liver. Net Ca2+ efflux induced by vasopressin commences at 15 s, reaches a maximal rate at 35 s and declines to zero by 55 s, when Ca2+ influx commences. Vasopressin-induced increases in bile flow commence by 20 s, attain a maximal rate by 35 s and begin to decline at 50 s, to reach basal values by 90 s. Concomitant administration of glucagon modifies each of these actions of vasopressin in the following ways: it decreases by 5 s the time of onset of net Ca2+ efflux, and the time and magnitude of such efflux, and the time of onset of bile flow is decreased to 15 s, and the flow reaches maximal rates by 30 s. When the alpha 1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine is used in place of vasopressin, Ca2+ efflux commences at 17-18 s and is greater in magnitude; little bile flow is induced by this agonist. Glucagon modifies the action of phenylephrine in the following ways: the onset of Ca2+ efflux is brought forward by 2-3 s, it is of lower magnitude and Ca2+ influx begins by 45 s; bile flow commences by 15-20 s, and reaches a maximum at 30 s, where the rate is much greater than in the absence of glucagon; this rate gradually declines to be near basal by 80 s. The onset of agonist-induced oxygen uptake was also brought forward by the co-administration of glucagon. Comparison of agonist-induced plasma-membrane Ca2+ fluxes and bile flow (with or without glucagon administration) suggests that correlations can be made between net Ca2+ fluxes and the transient increases seen in bile flow.
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PMID:The synergistic action (cross-talk) of glucagon and vasopressin induces early bile flow and plasma-membrane calcium fluxes in the perfused rat liver. 803 69

Antidiuretic hormone and parathyroid hormone (PTH) inhibit HCO3- absorption by the rat medullary thick ascending limb (MTAL). Studies were performed on rat MTAL tubule suspension to specify the H(+)-HCO3- membrane transporters affected by these hormones and the implicated intracellular second messengers. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and PTH stimulated cell adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production with a relative rank order potency of AVP > rat PTH-(1-34) > bovine PTH-(1-84). Significant cell acidification in HCO3- -CO2-free medium, monitored in 2'7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6')-carboxyfluorescein-loaded cells, was caused by 0.1 nM AVP, 1 nM rat PTH-(1-34), but not by < 100 nM bovine PTH-(1-84), as well as by 10(-4) M 8-bromo-cAMP and 2 x 10(-5) M forskolin; 10 nM AVP or rat PTH-(1-34) did not alter the intracellular pH when Na+/H+ antiport was inhibited by 2 mM amiloride. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 10(-6) M), which inhibited AVP-stimulated cell cAMP production, reduced by 35% the cell acidification response to 10 nM AVP. AVP and 8-bromo-cAMP inhibited Na+/H+ antiport-dependent cell pH recovery from intracellular acidification, which was explained by a decrease in the Vmax of the antiporter. AVP did not directly affect K(+)-HCO3- cotransport and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase of rat MTAL cells. Cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i), monitored in fura-2-loaded cells, was unaffected by up to 1 nM AVP, 100 nM PTH, glucagon, calcitonin, and oxytocin, and 1 microM PGE2; however, 100 nM AVP, but not 1-desamino-8-D-AVP (dDAVP), caused a peak increase in [Ca2+]i, even in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, and stimulated cell accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:cAMP-dependent control of Na+/H+ antiport by AVP, PTH, and PGE2 in rat medullary thick ascending limb cells. 838 52

Absence of physiological concentrations of extracellular Ca2+ in the Krebs-Henseleit incubation buffer did not affect the ability of 10 nM glucagon (< 5%) to increase hepatocyte intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations, but severely ablated (by approximately 70%) the ability of 10 nM insulin to decrease these elevated concentrations. Cyclic AMP metabolism is determined by production by adenylate cyclase and degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (PDE). In the absence of added extracellular Ca2+ (2.5 mM), insulin's ability to activate PDE activity was selectively compromised, showing a failure of insulin to activate two of the three insulin-stimulated activities, namely the 'dense-vesicle' and peripheral plasma-membrane (PPM) PDEs. In the absence of added Ca2+, insulin's ability to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity in intact hepatocytes was decreased dramatically. Vasopressin and adrenaline (+ propranolol) failed to elicit the activation of either the 'dense-vesicle' or the PPM-PDEs. The presence of physiological concentrations of extracellular Ca2+ in the incubation medium is shown to be important for the appropriate generation of insulin's actions on cyclic AMP metabolism.
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PMID:Extracellular calcium modulates insulin's action on enzymes controlling cyclic AMP metabolism in intact hepatocytes. 839 36


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