Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The PAP technique was used to examine adult human pancreata (corpus) immunohistochemically for the presence of beta-endorphin containing cells. These cells were found to account for 4.8% of the islet cells. They are irregularly distributed within the islets, where they occur singly or in groups of 3 to 5 cells between the acini (0.4% of the parenchyma). Investigations designed to detect the simultaneous presence of beta-endorphin and somatostatin or glucagon revealed that beta-endorphin occurs in somatostatin cells (1.0% of the islet parenchyma). This is the 1st proof that these 2 hormones appear together. The simultaneous presence of beta-endorphin and glucagon in the same cell was also observed in 0.9% of the islet parenchyma. Earlier studies undertaken by us have shown that beta-endorphin is synthetized in the islets of Langerhans. Possible functions of beta-endorphin in the islets are discussed.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical investigations of beta-endorphin in human pancreatic islets. 256 68

Humoral factors in the portal blood have often been suggested to play an important role in hepatic regeneration after hepatectomy. However, the correlation among insulin, glucagon and somatostatin, and islet cells of Langerhans has not been studied. Forty percent hepatectomy was carried out in dogs and intravenous glucose administration (0.5 g/kg) was the function of the pancreas to release one week after and one month after surgery to estimate administered intravenously before surgery, the plasma insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. In addition, islet cells of Langerhans were investigated with PAP technique. The following results were obtained. Alterations of carbohydrate metabolism developed as a result of portal plasma insulin deficiency one week after surgery, but granules in B cells were demonstrated as much as preoperatively. It was suggested that hypersomatostatinemia suppressed insulin release from B cells. Alterations of carbohydrate metabolism was restored to normal and portal plasma insulin response was increased one month after surgery. These indicate that hepatic regeneration after hepatectomy may contribute to these changes. Islets cell of Langerhans were hypertrophic and particularly, D cells were increased after surgery.
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PMID:[Structural and hormonal alterations in the pancreas after hepatectona in dogs]. 287 Apr 27

The investigations are carried out in 19 human fetal pancreases. The detection of the 4 islet hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and PP ist carried out in PAP-technique. The parts of these 4 types of islet cells are estimated quantitatively. In the 10th to 15th week of development insulin-producing B-cells are present. Moreover glucagon-, somatostatin- and PP-cells in the islet organ are present. In the group of 16th to 20th week of gestation insulin-, glucagon- and somatostatin-cells are increased compared to the first group. PP-cells are not altered. The increase of 3 types of islet cells is a result of fetal development.
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PMID:[Immunocytochemical studies of the development of basal cell types of human islet organs]. 290 75

A novel putative polypeptide hormone identified as islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) was recently purified from islet amyloid (IA) of diabetic humans and cats, and also from amyloid of a human insulinoma. Although the function of IAPP is yet unknown, its occurrence in pancreatic endocrine tissue and its partial amino acid sequence identity with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) suggests an endocrine regulatory effect. In the present investigation, the authors utilized antisera to insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, synthetic human CGRP, and a synthetic human IAPP (7-17) undecapeptide to immunohistochemically (PAP technique) document the presence of IAPP immunoreactive cells in the islets of the cat, dog, mouse, and rat, but not in the islets of the horse or calf. In serial sections of islets from these species it was shown that IAPP immunoreactivity occurred in insulin-reactive beta cells. This observation was confirmed immunocytochemically in cat islets by means of protein A-gold probes. With protein A-gold labeling techniques, IAPP immunoreactivity was localized to the outer lucent compartment of the beta cell secretory granule, whereas insulin immunoreactivity was associated with the electron-dense core. These findings provide strong evidence that IAPP or an IAPP precursor is synthesized by beta cells and is stored in beta cell granules for subsequent co-secretion with insulin. The conservation of IAPP in humans and multiple animal species and the localization of IAPP to pancreatic beta cells provide further evidence that IAPP has an important endocrine regulatory function. The propensity of IAPP to polymerize and form IA fibrils in diabetes associated with aging may indicate that IAPP is in some way also linked to the development of Type 2 diabetes.
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PMID:Immunolocalization of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in pancreatic beta cells by means of peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) and protein A-gold techniques. 327 6

The pancreatic endocrine cells of Sparus auratus (gilthead sea bream) are concentrated in two or three principal islets, or Brockmann bodies, and numerous smaller islets embedded in the exocrine tissue. Insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-immunoreactive cells were identified in all pancreatic islets of S. auratus using an indirect immunocytochemical (PAP) method. Insulin-immunoreactive cells were found in the central region of the islets. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells could be seen at the periphery of the islets and isolated in the exocrine tissue surrounding the large principal islet. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the islets. PP-immunoreactive cells were clustered, in a limited shallow section, being found in no other part of the large principal islet whereas, in the smaller islets, these cells were more numerous and found in the whole peripheral area. Four cell types were identified in the pancreatic islets of S. auratus by electron microscopy. A,B,D and PP cells were characterized by the shape, size, and electron density of their respective secretory granules.
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PMID:An immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of the endocrine pancreas of Sparus auratus L. (Teleostei). 354 31

Hybrid adult dogs weighing 12 to 15 kg were laparotomized before, one week, and one month after partial hepatectomy: Pancreatic tissues were taken and examined by the PAP staining. Also, the animals were intravenously injected via peripheral veins with 50 percent glucose 0.5 g/kg before, one week, and one month after surgery, and their portal blood was taken before, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after injection, and submitted to examination of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and blood sugar levels. We obtained these results as follows. sigma IRI which represents an increment of insulin secretion after glucose loads, showed a decrease at one week after surgery (p less than 0.05) and an increase at one month after surgery (p less than 0.05). Somatostatin levels of portal blood showed marked increase after surgery (p less than 0.05). Observation on the area of Langerhans islets revealed approximately 4.6 fold hypertrophy from the size of 486 +/- 23 microns m2 before surgery to 2236 +/- 98 microns m2 one month after surgery (p less than 0.05). Insulin secreting B cells were found to contain increased secreting granules. Somatostatin secreting D cells increased 2.8-fold in number one month after surgery, showing mitotic figures.
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PMID:[Changes in pancreatic hormones in portal blood and morphological changes of islet cells of Langerhans after hepatectomy]. 391 Oct 51

Pancreatic endocrine cells were stained immunocytochemically for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide by the PAP technique or sequentially for two hormones by the PAP followed by an indirect immunogold procedure. Pancreatic endocrine cells of Chrysemys are found scattered as single cells or small aggregates throughout the exocrine parenchyma; only the splenic region shows islets consisting of a B cell core surrounded by a loose mantle of A cells and occasional D cells. PP cells were not found in this splenic portion but were found scattered throughout the remainder of the pancreas. In contrast to the typical vertebrate islet, Chrysemys pancreatic endocrine cells are characterized by a lack of preferential association of one cell type with another and suggests that paracrine regulatory mechanisms may not be operable in this species. Insulin secretion from pieces of Chrysemys pancreas has been measured in incubation and perifusion systems employing a heterologous radioimmunoassay. Insulin release by Chrysemys B cells is enhanced by elevated levels of glucose (300 mg/dl), however, response appears to be somewhat slower compared to other vertebrate B cells. Gastrin, secretin, neurotensin, motilin, serotonin, PYY, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, somatostatin and insulin were demonstrated immunocytochemically in open-type GEP cells of the mucosal epithelium of the Chrysemys intestine. Of these cells, gastrin, neurotensin and insulin cells appear to be the most numerous while the other types appear less frequently. Cells containing PP, bombesin, cholecystokinin and substance P could not be demonstrated. The localization of insulin to GEP cells of the turtle intestine is an unusual finding but has been confirmed by radioimmunoassay of extracts of the intestinal mucosa.
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PMID:The gastro-entero-pancreatic system of the turtle, Chrysemys picta. 391 12

In the brain of adult specimens of the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta (L), cells immunoreactive for several kinds of neuropeptides were localized by means of the PAP procedure, by use of antisera raised against mammalian hormones or hormonal peptides. In contrast, no such neurosecretory cells were found in the corpora cardiaca and corpora allata (CC/CA); in the CC/CA, however, immunoreactive nerve fibres were observed, reaching these organs from the brain. The neurosecretory cells found in the brain were immunoreactive with at least one of the following mammalian antisera, namely those raised against the insulin B-chain, somatostatin, glucagon C-terminal, glucagon N-terminal, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), secretin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), gastrin C-terminus, enkephalin, alpha- and beta-endorphin, Substance P, and calcitonin. No cells were immunoreactive with antisera specific for detecting neurons containing the insulin A-chain, nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin connecting peptide (C-peptide), polypeptide YY (PYY), gastrin mid-portion (sequence 6-13), cholecystokinin (CCK) mid-portion (sequences 9-20 and 9-25), neurotensin C-terminus, bombesin, motilin, ACTH, or serotonin. All the neuropeptide-immunoreactive cells observed emitted nerve fibers passing through the brain to the CC and in some cases also to the CA. In CC these immunoreactive nerve fibers tended to accumulate near the aorta. It was speculated that neuropeptides are released into the circulating haemolymph and act as neurohormones.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical investigations of neuropeptides in the brain, corpora cardiaca, and corpora allata of an adult lepidopteran insect, Manduca sexta (L). 613 31

Using indirect immunofluorescence and Sternberger's PAP techniques on Bouin-fixed paraffin sections it was possible to show a glucagon/glucagon-like immunoreactivity in the following sites of the human brain: the Lamina V pyramidal cells of the Neocortex, the various neurons of the Hippocampus and Corpus amygdaloideum, the perikarya of neurons in the Nucleus ventromedialis and Nucleus infundibularis (arcuatus), the Nucleus ambiguus and the numerous granular cells of the cerebellar cortex. It was also possible with both techniques to find a similar distribution of the peptide hormones in the perikarya and the proximal parts of the neuronal extensions. Appropriate controls were used to confirm the results. Simultaneously, tissue specimens from the same brain regions were investigated for glucagon by radioimmunoassay. The glucagon content of nervous tissue was found to be much higher than the average glucagon concentration of blood plasma. The highest level of the polypeptide could be revealed for the Hypothalamus (up to 40 times higher than in blood plasma).
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PMID:The glucagon/glucagon-like immunoreactivities in neurons of the human brain. 668 82

The endocrine pancreas of the Australian wedge-tailed eagle, Aquila audax, was investigated by means of immunocytochemistry using the PAP method at the light microscopic level. Serial paraffin sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, aldehyde fuchsin, and Grimelius' silver impregnation method in each of the lobes-dorsal, ventral, third and splenic lobes to show the morphology of the islet, B cells, and A cells respectively. The islets were of the 'mixed type' with no segregation into 'light' and 'dark' islets as in other birds studies (Falkmer and Ostberg, 1977). Semithin serial plastic sections were stained individually with primary antibodies for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in each of the four lobes. Positive regional differences noted were an increased concentration of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide cells in the splenic lobe. Pancreatic polypeptide cells were present in all the lobes. There was no reciprocal relationship between PP cells and glucagon cells in the splenic lobe. These results in the feral bird (Aquila audax) differed from those of previous studies in domestic fowl pancreas (Phasianidae) (Tomita et al., 1985; Falkmer, 1985).
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PMID:The endocrine pancreas in the Australian wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax)--an immunocytochemical study. 769 59


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