Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The levels of several regulatory peptides were measured in peripheral plasma samples from individuals with chronic cardiac failure (CCF) and matched controls in both the resting state and during a short period of maximal exercise. Basal levels of noradrenaline (NA; 705 +/- 114 vs 195 +/- 54 ng.l-1; mean +/- SEM; P < 0.05), plasma renin activity (PRA; 12.9 +/- 2.9 vs 2.1 +/- 0.3 ng AI ml-1.h-1; P < 0.05) and aldosterone (ALDO; 325 +/- 49 vs 87 +/- 8 ng.l-1; P < 0.05) were all raised in the patients with CCF, and increased further with exercise. Basal circulating levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were also significantly higher in the CCF group compared to controls (136 +/- 35 vs 27 +/- 5 ng.l-1; P < 0.01), but the response to exercise was attenuated, so that at peak exercise, no significant difference was observed. Basal circulating levels of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) (29 +/- 4 vs 40 +/- 4 ng.l-1; P < 0.05) and secretin (13 +/- 1 vs 32 +/- 4 ng.l-1; P < 0.05) were significantly lower in the CCF group when compared to controls and there was no significant change in the levels of either peptide with exercise. Levels of neurokinin A (NKA), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and neurotensin (NT) were somewhat higher in patients, but the differences were not significant, and there were no changes during exercise. There were also no significant differences in the levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), insulin or glucagon in either experimental group both before and during exercise. We have therefore identified different circulating levels of certain regulatory peptides in patients with CCF, but the significance of these remains unclear.
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PMID:Regulatory peptides in the plasma of patients with chronic cardiac failure at rest and during exercise. 139 15

To clarify the role of the sympatho-adrenomedullary and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems, and catecholamine receptors, in the pathogenesis of orthostatic hypotension in diabetes mellitus (DM), urinary excretion of catecholamines, and plasma levels of norepinephrine (PNE), epinephrine (PE), renin activity (PRA), aldosterone (PAC), cyclic AMP (PcAMP) and cyclic GMP (PcGMP) were measured in 16 normal subjects (N) and 50 diabetic patients with or without orthostatic hypotension (DMOH(+), DMOH(-)). Changes in PNE, PE, PRA, PAC, PcAMP and PcGMP by standing, glucagon (G) administration and cold pressor test were examined. Furthermore, the effect of metoclopramide on catecholamine levels and blood pressure was investigated before and after cold pressor test. The results were following; (1) Urinary free norepinephrine excretion was significantly lower in DMOH(+), while urinary total norepinephrine excretion was normal in the two DM groups. Urinary free and total epinephrine excretions were lower in DMOH(+) than in N and DMOH(-). (2) PNE and PE were elevated after standing in all groups tested, and more pronounced in some cases of DMOH(+). Although PRA and PAC were elevated normally after standing in all groups, a dissociation between the two parameters was seen in some cases of DM. PcAMP after standing was correlated with PE(r = 0.829). Basal PcGMP was high in many cases of DMOH(+). However, no difference in the elevation of PcGMP after standing was noted between N and the two DM groups. (3) Systolic blood pressure (SBP) rose markedly in only DMOH(+) from 146 +/- 27mmHg to 178 +/- 34mmHg 5 minutes after G administration. The increment of PNE and PE 5 minutes after G administration were similar in all groups. In only DMOH(+), the increase in PcAMP 15 minutes after G test was proportional (r = 0.498) to that of epinephrine. (4) Responses of SBP, PNE, PE and PAC to cold pressor test apparently improved after administration of metoclopramide (MC) in some patients with DM. These results suggest that not only organic disturbance of sympathetic nerves but also functional inhibition of norepinephrine release mediated by dopamine receptor, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of orthostatic hypotension in diabetes mellitus. It is considered that catecholamine secretion from the adrenal medulla in DMOH(+) is increased by hypotension induced by standing. Furthermore, the vascular response to catecholamines may be accelerated through the increment of the extrajunctional receptor in DMOH(+).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The role of the sympatho-adrenomedullary system and adrenergic receptors in the pathogenesis of orthostatic hypotension in diabetes mellitus]. 285 93

Two 8-yr-old children, a boy and girl, are described with Cushing's syndrome secondary to ectopic ACTH-secreting pancreatic islet cell carcinomas. The girl, seen 28 yr ago, had strong presumptive evidence of ectopic ACTH production and hypercalcemia. The boy, studied recently, had strikingly elevated concentrations of plasma ACTH (1,500 pg/ml) and beta-lipotropin (beta LPH; 2,500 pg/ml) and showed no suppression of urinary 17-hydroxycorticoids or cortisol with low and high dose dexamethasone. He had increased plasma calcitonin (257 pg/ml), glucagon (442 pg/ml), lactate dehydrogenase (497 IU/liter), and alpha-fetoprotein (5,144 pg/ml). He also had hypokalemic alkalosis with elevated plasma deoxycorticosterone (70 ng/ml) and PRA (6.9 ng/ml.h) but normal plasma aldosterone (8.2 ng/dl) and 18-hydroxycorticosterone (7.6 ng/dl). Preoperative localization of the tumor was accomplished by computed tomographic scan of the abdomen with concurrent barium enema. Cell-free translation of the tumor mRNA produced authentic proopiomelanocortin of 35,000 mol wt, indicating that the ACTH and beta LPH were produced by the tumor from a common precursor. After removal of a large amount of metastatic tissue from the boy, clinical progression of the remaining tumor was monitored by measuring plasma ACTH and beta LPH. Episodic secretion of ACTH and beta LPH was demonstrated by taking frequent plasma samples while suppressing pituitary ACTH with oral dexamethasone. Chemotherapy and radiation proved ineffective in controlling the growth of his tumor.
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PMID:Endocrine, histological, and biochemical studies of adrenocorticotropin-producing islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas in childhood with characterization of proopiomelanocortin. 630 81

To investigate the pathogenic role of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system in essential hypertension, we evaluated plasma catecholamine and PRA levels after glucagon stimulation and during one hour in upright posture after i.v. injection of furosemide. In nine normal and high renin essential hypertensive (NHRH) subjects, i.v. injection of 1000 micrograms of glucagon caused rapid and significant increases in plasma epinephrine(E) concentration. Both the 5 min. level after glucagon injection (314 +/- 30 pg/ml, mean +/- S.E., p less than 0.05) and peak value (358 +/- 87 pg/ml, p less than 0.05) were significantly higher than the basal level(170 +/- 25 pg/ml). Plasma norepinephrine(NE) concentration of the peak value(1065 +/- 231 pg/ml) was significantly higher than the basal(357 +/- 50 pg/ml, p less than 0.02). PRA levels increased in 4 out of 9 patients. In seven patients with low renin essential hypertension(LRH), there was an impaired PRA response to glucagon, E also failed to increase at any time after glucagon injection, but peak value of NE(1212 +/- 274 pg/ml) was significantly higher than the basal level(391 +/- 77 pg/ml, p less than 0.01). NE level of NHRH during one hour in upright posture after i.v. injection of 40 mg of furosemide were higher than LRH. Particularly at 10 min. level, the NE level of NHRH(895 +/- 115 pg/ml) was significantly higher than LRH(523 +/- 91 pg/ml, p less than 0.05). These results suggest that the sympathetic-adrenomedullary function in LRH is diminished, and the renin secreting ability of JG cells is also diminished in LRH. The glucagon stimulation test is useful to assess renin secreting ability of JG cells.
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PMID:[Response of plasma catecholamine and PRA to i.v. injection of glucagon in upright posture after furosemide injection in essential hypertension (author's transl)]. 702 7

We recently published the primary structure and inhibition data of the barley grain aspartic proteinase (HvAP, Hordeum vulgare aspartic proteinase) which revealed similarity to mammalian cathepsin D and yeast aspartic proteinase A. Here we present evidence, based on Km and kcat values for the enzyme as well as on its cleavage sites in haemoglobin, the insulin B-chain, glucagon and melittin, that the similarity extends to its hydrolytic specificity. Like the animal and microbial aspartic proteinases, HvAP preferentially cleaves peptide bonds between amino acid residues with large hydrophobic side chains. The narrow hydrolytic specificity of HvAP suggests that plant aspartic proteinases may perform regulatory functions by limited proteolysis.
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PMID:Hydrolytic specificity of the barley grain aspartic proteinase. 776 75

Selective iron deposition in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex is observed in hemochromatosis. Hypoaldosteronism should be excluded before starting venesection, to avoid long-term volume depletion. We evaluated the aldosterone status in patients with hemochromatosis. As other endocrine organs can be affected by the disease as well, we simultaneously evaluated anterior pituitary, gonadal, thyroid and pancreatic beta-cell activity. Nine patients with hereditary or acquired hemochromatosis and highly increased plasma ferritin levels were investigated. In patients, liver cirrhosis had been confirmed histologically. Five patients complained of sexual dysfunction, and one had impaired glucose tolerance. Plasma aldosterone (PA) and renin activity (PRA) were measured after a period of normal (100 mmol/day) and low (10 mmol/day) sodium intake. A combined anterior pituitary function test and a glucagon stimulation test were undertaken to evaluate other endocrine functions. Both PA and PRA levels were decreased in one patient with liver cirrhosis, who also presented attenuated cortisol, prolactin and gonadotrophin secretion. No patients had signs of primary hypoaldosteronism with hyperreninemia. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was observed in 3 males and 1 female. Pituitary ACTH reserve was impaired in 2, GH and prolactin response in 1, and thyroid function in none of the patients. Glucagon-stimulated plasma C-peptide was impaired in one patient. In conclusion, primary aldosterone deficiency was not observed in patients with severe iron overload. Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism was found in one patient who also presented other endocrinopathies. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is the most frequent endocrine abnormality in hemochromatosis.
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PMID:Mineralocorticoid status and endocrine dysfunction in severe hemochromatosis. 1040 11