Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The human gut microbiota and microbial influences on lipid and glucose metabolism, satiety, and chronic low-grade inflammation are known to be involved in metabolic syndrome. Fermentation end products, especially short chain fatty acids, are believed to engage the epigenetic regulation of inflammatory reactions via FFARs (free fatty acid receptor) and other short chain fatty acid receptors. We studied a potential interaction of the microbiota with epigenetic regulation in obese and type 2 diabetes patients compared to a lean control group over a four month intervention period. Intervention comprised a GLP-1 agonist (glucagon-like peptide 1) for type 2 diabetics and nutritional counseling for both intervention groups. Microbiota was analyzed for abundance, butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase gene and for diversity by polymerase chain reaction and 454 high-throughput sequencing. Epigenetic methylation of the promoter region of FFAR3 and LINE1 (long interspersed nuclear element 1) was analyzed using bisulfite conversion and pyrosequencing. The diversity of the microbiota as well as the abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were significantly lower in obese and type 2 diabetic patients compared to lean individuals. Results from Clostridium cluster IV and Clostridium cluster XIVa showed a decreasing trend in type 2 diabetics in comparison to the butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase gene and according to melt curve analysis. During intervention no significant changes were observed in either intervention group. The analysis of five CpGs in the promoter region of FFAR3 showed a significant lower methylation in obese and type 2 diabetics with an increase in obese patients over the intervention period. These results disclosed a significant correlation between a higher body mass index and lower methylation of FFAR3. LINE-1, a marker of global methylation, indicated no significant differences between the three groups or the time points, although methylation of type 2 diabetics tended to increase over time. Our results provide evidence that a different composition of gut microbiota in obesity and type 2 diabetes affect the epigenetic regulation of genes. Interactions between the microbiota and epigenetic regulation may involve not only short chain fatty acids binding to FFARs. Therefore dietary interventions influencing microbial composition may be considered as an option in the engagement against metabolic syndrome.
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PMID:Effects of short chain fatty acid producing bacteria on epigenetic regulation of FFAR3 in type 2 diabetes and obesity. 2432 7

Inulin, a popular prebiotic fiber, has been reported to promote satiety and fat loss; however, the dose-response effects of inulin on energy balance and diet preference, and whether the metabolic effects are independent of calorie restriction are not well characterized. Therefore, we compared the effects of diets varying in inulin concentrations on food intake, energy expenditure, body composition, gut microbiota and hormones, and assessed whether inulin-induced hypophagia was due to reduced diet preference. In experiment 1, male rats were randomized to six high-fat diet groups: control (CON, 0% inulin), 2.5% inulin (2.5IN), 10% inulin (10IN), 25% inulin (25IN), 25% cellulose (25CE) or pair-fed to 25IN (25PF) for 21 days. We demonstrate that inulin dose-dependently decreased caloric intake and respiratory quotient; improved glucose tolerance; increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacterium spp.; decreased Clostridium clusters I and IV; increased butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase in cecum; upregulated peptide YY, cholecystokinin and proglucagon transcripts in the cecum and colon; and increased plasma peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations. Importantly, unlike 25PF, 25IN attenuated the reduction in energy expenditure associated with calorie restriction and decreased adiposity. In experiment 2, following four training periods, diet preferences were determined. Although 10IN and 25IN decreased caloric intake, and 25CE increased caloric intake, during training, all high-fiber diets were less preferred. Taken together, this work demonstrates that inulin dose-dependently decreased caloric intake, modulated gut microbiota and upregulated satiety hormones, with metabolic effects being largely independent of caloric restriction.
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PMID:Inulin fiber dose-dependently modulates energy balance, glucose tolerance, gut microbiota, hormones and diet preference in high-fat-fed male rats. 3000 19