Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Concentrations of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropin, and cortisol were determined in plasma samples obtained at 20-min intervals for 6 h from low and high producing dairy cows at d 30 and 90 postpartum. Four nonpregnant, nonlactating cows also were sampled. Insulin concentrations were reduced at d 30 in both groups of lactating cows compared with concentrations in nonlactating cows; glucagon concentrations were unchanged. The molar insulin: glucagon was reduced at d 30 in both groups and at d 90 for low, but not high producers. Growth hormone concentrations were higher at d 30 in high producers than at d 90, in low producers at d 30, and higher than in nonlactating cows. Cortisol concentrations were lower in high producing cows at d 30 than at d 90 or in nonlactating cows due to a reduced pulse amplitude. No differences were observed for adrenocorticotropin. Reduced molar insulin: glucagon may be an integral response of the cow to lactation, while the difference in the insulin: glucagon for high and low producers at d 90 postpartum may indicate a continued need for a gluconeogenic stimulus in low producers. The elevated growth hormone and low cortisol concentrations likely participate in the enhanced production observed in high producing dairy cows.
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PMID:Plasma concentrations of metabolic hormones in high and low producing dairy cows. 283 86

Many metabolic hormones (glucagon, hydrocortisone, corticosterone, TSH, thyroxine and triiodothyronine) did not stimulate porcine adipose tissue lipolysis in vitro. Growth hormone and ACTH stimulated lipolysis at high concentrations, in the presence of theophylline. Insulin inhibited lipolysis. Infusion of metabolic hormones with measurement of plasma free fatty acid and glycerol concentrations, purportedly indicative of in vivo lipolysis, indicated that glucagon and somatotropin had no effect, adrenocorticotropin increased and insulin depressed plasma concentrations of the metabolites. Overall, the in vitro predicts the in vivo response. There were exceptions, e.g. adrenocorticotropin moderately increased plasma metabolites but had little effect in vitro.
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PMID:Acute effects of metabolic hormones in swine. 287 Aug 58

Growth hormone (GH) is important in diabetes in view of its anti-insulin actions and its relation to the long-term complications of the disease. The suppression of GH secretion in diabetics has theoretical and possible therapeutic interest. Native somatostatin has multiple actions, including inhibition of the secretion of insulin, glucagon, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and various gut hormones. It also has inhibitory effects on gastrointestinal motility, exocrine secretion, nutrient absorption, and splanchnic blood flow. Its therapeutic use is limited by a duration of effect of several minutes only. SMS 201-995 holds more potential than native somatostatin in view of its longer duration of action. Preliminary data suggest that 50 micrograms SMS 201-995 subcutaneously at night inhibits the nocturnal rise in GH secretion in normal man, but no effect on 24-h GH secretion is observed when SMS 201-995 is injected twice daily before meals. SMS 201-995 inhibits secretion of insulin, glucagon, and TSH in addition to growth hormone and induces carbohydrate intolerance when administered before food in normal subjects. Gastrointestinal side effects suggest additional effects on nutrient disposal, which are important when it is administered before food. Further studies are required to elucidate these effects of SMS 201-995 on endocrine and gastro-intestinal function in normal and diabetic man.
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PMID:Effects of somatostatin and SMS 201-995 on carbohydrate metabolism in normal man. 287 1

The treatment of acromegaly is not optimal at present, since many patients have continued growth hormone hypersecretion. We report the acute effects of a cyclic octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, SMS 201-995 (Sandoz) in 9 nondiabetic, acromegalic patients between the ages of 30 and 74. We report potent and prolonged dose-dependent effects to suppress growth hormone secretion. A single 50 micrograms dose of SMS 201-995 inhibited growth hormone concentration rapidly within 15 minutes, with maximal effect in 75 minutes. Maximal inhibition was of the order of 80%, with absolute concentrations under 2 micrograms/L for about 6 hours in 5 of 7 patients. Growth hormone concentrations remained significantly suppressed below placebo control for up to 24 hours after a single dose of SMS 201-995, but the inhibitory effects on insulin and C-peptide concentrations were limited to 2 hours. The effects on glucagon secretion were minimal, and also evident for only 2 hours. Mild transient postprandial elevations of plasma glucose and FFA were documented. No adverse effects were noted; routine hematology, biochemistry, and vital signs were not altered. Thus SMS 201-995, with preferential effects at the pituitary somatotroph, holds considerable promise as an attractive and viable alternative for treatment of acromegaly.
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PMID:The somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in acromegaly: prolonged, preferential suppression of growth hormone but not pancreatic hormones. 288 54

We investigated in 6 acromegalic patients the acute effects on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion of a single sc injection of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995, performed 4 h before a mixed meal with xylose administration. Growth hormone levels decreased from 34.0 +/- 20.3 (mean +/- SE) to a minimum of 9.3 +/- 3.0 ng/ml, 3 1/2 h after the injection. A significant inhibition of insulin secretion was also noticed, with a fall from 25.3 +/- 6.4 to 6.3 +/- 2.3 microU/ml at 1 h, and a lower and delayed peak level after the mixed meal. However, the postprandial plasma glucose increase was not different from a control day, while plasma xylose levels were lower. Mean glucagon level after SMS 201-995 was lower than control value in 3 out of the 4 patients in whom it was determined. The decrease of serum growth hormone levels, together with partial glucagon inhibition and, more important, a slowing of intestinal absorptive processes, counterbalanced the inhibitory action of SMS 201-995 on insulin secretion, and no deterioration in carbohydrate tolerance could be demonstrated. However, before SMS 201-995 is employed in the management of acromegalic patients refractory to surgery and bromocriptine therapy, we need further observations of postprandial glycemic profiles during long-term therapy with multiple daily injections of the compound.
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PMID:Effect of a new long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on glycemic and hormonal response to a mixed meal in acromegalic patients. 289 7

Growth and lactation are complex processes controlled by several metabolic hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and thyroid hormones but most notably growth hormone. Growth hormone secretion is regulated by two hypothalamic hormones, somatostatin, an inhibitory regulatory factor, and growth hormone-releasing factor. The quantity and pattern of growth hormone secretion is ultimately regulated in concert by the secretion of both regulatory factors from the hypothalamus through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system, where they exert their actions at unique pituitary receptors. Because the potential use of exogenous growth hormone administration for the stimulation of growth efficiency and lactation has been demonstrated, recent efforts have been directed toward the enhancement of production through manipulation of endogenous growth hormone secretion via its releasing factor. Thus far, releasing factor-stimulated growth and lactation has not been achieved to the same extent as that of exogenous growth hormone. Growth hormone-releasing factor has stimulated growth in two growth hormone-deficient children, as well as female, but not male, rats. Although all food-producing species tested to date respond to growth hormone-releasing factor with the appropriate growth hormone response, continuous or pulsatile administration of releasing factor has not resulted in increased growth rate in sheep, chicks, or hogs. Despite levels of circulating growth hormone that would be expected to produce a 30% increase in milk production if given exogenously to dairy cows, releasing factor-stimulated growth hormone secretion has resulted in only a 3 to 9% increase. It is clear from these studies that further developments are necessary to demonstrate the practical application of growth hormone-releasing factor.
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PMID:Growth hormone-releasing factor effects on pituitary function, growth, and lactation. 310 44

Hormonal and metabolic changes were compared in five insulin-dependent diabetic men and five control men during a 3-h marathon-training run. Insulin was withheld 16-26 h before the start of the run, and a normal breakfast was finished 2.5 h before the start of the run. Blood glucose concentrations decreased significantly in the diabetic subjects but remained constant in the control subjects. During the run, plasma free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and alanine concentrations behaved similarly in both groups. Only postexercise ketosis was more pronounced in the diabetic subjects. Peripheral serum free-insulin concentrations were slightly lower in the diabetic subjects at the start of the study, but these insulin concentrations became significantly elevated afterward compared with the control subjects. Plasma glucagon levels increased in the diabetic but not in the control subjects. Growth hormone levels increased sharply and to significantly higher levels in the diabetic than in the control subjects, who presented a slow gradual increase. Plasma cortisol levels were slightly, but at some moments significantly, higher in the diabetic subjects. The plasma catecholamine concentrations increased in both groups but to significantly higher levels in the diabetic subjects. There is no evidence from this study for an insufficient secretion of counterregulatory hormones if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs during a long-distance run in reasonably well controlled, well-trained diabetic subjects without long-term complications.
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PMID:Metabolic and hormonal changes in IDDM during long-distance run. 327 73

Using a non-recirculating perfusion system, we studied the time course of ketone body output from the isolated rat liver in response to various hormones and changes in pH and redox state. The release of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) started to be suppressed within 1 min after the addition of insulin (50 mU/ml) and kept half of the basal level even 10 min after its cessation. The addition of glucagon (0.2 microM) caused an increase in both 3-OHB and acetoacetate (AcAc) outputs from fed livers within 5 min, which reached about 150% of the basal level 10 min after the infusion and maintained a constant level through out the experiment. Growth hormone (2 mu/ml) elicited a slight but significant increase in AcAc output soon after the infusion. Epinephrine (10 microM) also caused a slight increase in both AcAc and 3-OHB outputs 9 min after the infusion and maintained a significant increase even 10 min after stopping infusion. The decrease in pH of the perfusate or the addition of ascorbic acid abruptly suppressed the AcAc production. In summary, the present study clearly demonstrated the direct effects of various hormones on ketogenesis in the liver and the usefulness of a non-recirculating liver perfusion system as a tool for the study of ketogenesis.
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PMID:Time course of ketone body production in the isolated perfused rat liver in response to various stimuli. 355 47

To determine whether children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) might have exaggerated hormonal responses to hypoglycemia, the euglycemic-hypoglycemic glucose clamp procedure was used to provide a uniform hypoglycemic stimulus (plasma glucose kept at 90 mg/dL for 2 hours, then reduced to 50 to 55 mg/dL for 1 hour) in children and adults with and without IDDM. The chidren with IDDM showed an exaggerated rise in plasma epinephrine levels (625 +/- 112 pg/mL) compared with adults with IDDM (259 +/- 57 pg/mL, P less than 0.02); the same was true for children and adults without IDDM (811 +/- 100 vs 458 +/- 85 pg/mL, P less than 0.05). Among the children, the increase in epinephrine during hypoglycemia was similar in prepubertal and pubertal patients. Children with IDDM showed a greater rise in plasma norepinephrine than did adults with IDDM (P less than 0.001), and both diabetic groups failed to mount a glucagon response. Growth hormone and cortisol responses were unaffected by either childhood or diabetes. Enhanced secretion of epinephrine, induced by mild reductions in plasma glucose, may contribute to the management difficulties characteristically observed in the young patient with diabetes.
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PMID:Exaggerated epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia in normal and insulin-dependent diabetic children. 358 99

Concentrations of glucose, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon in blood plasma relative to days in milk, milk production, type of housing, and season were measured. Blood samples were obtained from 133 to 150 lactating Holstein cows on 3 consecutive days in July, October, January, and April. Glucose, insulin, and ratio of insulin to glucagon increased with increasing days in milk. Growth hormone and ratio of growth hormone to insulin decreased with increasing days in milk. Glucagon concentrations were similar throughout lactation. Above average milk production throughout lactation was associated with above average glucagon, lower insulin, and lower glucose. The relationship was not significant between growth hormone concentration and milk production, however. Cows on summer pasture with limited grain supplement had higher growth hormone and lower glucose, insulin, and glucagon than cows eating ad libitum in barns or feedlot. In general, however, all cows had higher glucose and lower growth hormone, insulin, and ratio of insulin to glucagon in July than in cooler months.
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PMID:Glucagon, insulin, growth hormone, and glucose concentrations in blood plasma of lactating dairy cows. 388 30


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