Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mild tail pinch (TP) in rats resulted in 72% of animals displaying ingestive behavior with 20% demonstrating gnawing behavior without food ingestion and 8% demonstrating licking behavior only. The animals ate steadily over 5 min with a maximum rate occurring at 1 min (0.5 +/- 0.2 g). There was a circadian rhythm of TP-induced behavior with the peak food ingestion occurring at 24 h. A mild increase in blood glucose occurred 120 s after commencement of TP (115 +/- 4 mg/dl). Common satiety signals such as stomach distension and glucose decreased food ingestion. Parenteral administration of glucagon, cholecystokinin-octapeptide, bombesin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone resulted in suppression of TP-induced food ingestion. Chronic TP (12 5-min TP periods/day) resulted in a fall in spontaneous food intake with the total intake remaining similar to food intake prior to the chronic TP period. We suggest that TP serves as an excellent model for eating behavior because 1) it correlates well with starvation-induced eating; 2) it precludes the necessary deprivation of food and water to adrenalectomized animals; and 3) animals subjected to TP continue chewing in the face of decreased food intake allowing one to exclude the possibility that the effects of an anorectic are secondary to nausea.
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PMID:Stress-induced eating in rats. 719 55

This review's objective is to give a critical summary of studies that focused on physiologic measures relating to subjectively rated appetite, actual food intake, or both. Biomarkers of satiation and satiety may be used as a tool for assessing the satiating efficiency of foods and for understanding the regulation of food intake and energy balance. We made a distinction between biomarkers of satiation or meal termination and those of meal initiation related to satiety and between markers in the brain [central nervous system (CNS)] and those related to signals from the periphery to the CNS. Various studies showed that physicochemical measures related to stomach distension and blood concentrations of cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide 1 are peripheral biomarkers associated with meal termination. CNS biomarkers related to meal termination identified by functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography are indicators of neural activity related to sensory-specific satiety. These measures cannot yet serve as a tool for assessing the satiating effect of foods, because they are not yet feasible. CNS biomarkers related to satiety are not yet specific enough to serve as biomarkers, although they can distinguish between extreme hunger and fullness. Three currently available biomarkers for satiety are decreases in blood glucose in the short term (<5 min), which have been shown to be involved in meal initiation; leptin changes during longer-term (>2-4 d) negative energy balance; and ghrelin concentrations, which have been implicated in both short-term and long-term energy balance. The next challenge in this research area is to identify food ingredients that have an effect on biomarkers of satiation, satiety, or both. These ingredients may help consumers to maintain their energy intake at a level consistent with a healthy body weight.
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PMID:Biomarkers of satiation and satiety. 1515 23

The aim of this paper is to describe and discuss relevant aspects of the assessment of physiological functions - and related biomarkers - implicated in the regulation of appetite in humans. A short introduction provides the background and the present state of biomarker research as related to satiety and appetite. The main focus of the paper is on the gastrointestinal tract and its functions and biomarkers related to appetite for which sufficient data are available in human studies. The first section describes how gastric emptying, stomach distension and gut motility influence appetite; the second part describes how selected gastrointestinal peptides are involved in the control of satiety and appetite (ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide, peptide tyrosin-tyrosin) and can be used as potential biomarkers. For both sections, methodological aspects (adequacy, accuracy and limitation of the methods) are described. The last section focuses on new developments in techniques and methods for the assessment of physiological targets involved in appetite regulation (including brain imaging, interesting new experimental approaches, targets and markers). The conclusion estimates the relevance of selected biomarkers as representative markers of appetite regulation, in view of the current state of the art.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal targets of appetite regulation in humans. 2043 60