Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

After various types of sympathectomy (surgical, chemical, isolated adrenodemedullation; AMX, combined procedures) in the rat, basal gastric secretion, gastric mucosal blood flow (MBF), associated glucose and a variety of hormones in the blood were measured. With the exception of the ineffective surgical sympathectomy, all the other forms variously influence gastric secretion qualitatively (volume, acidity, pepsin) and quantitatively (output per unit time). Chemical sympathectomy has an augmenting effect both on acid (volume, acidity, output) and on pepsin. In general the MBF parallels acid, but the MBF is decreased after AMX despite stable or increased gastric secretion. Sympathectomy, except procedures involving AMX or AMX + surgical sympathectomy, increases spontaneous gastric mucosal lesions. With AMX glucose is diminished, but is elevated following surgical and chemical sympathectomy. Gastrin, insulin and somatostatin are always higher than in sham-operated controls, glucagon after surgical sympathectomy only. It is concluded that (1) the sympathoadrenal system in the rat modulates both basal gastric secretion and blood hormones; (2) the adrenal medulla may participate in the control of gastric MBF, and (3) gastric mucosal lesions are not correctly reflected by the ration MBF/acidity.
 ...
PMID:Basal gastric secretion, mucosal blood flow and associated fasting blood hormones in the rat. Effects of various forms of sympathectomy. 612 14

After vagotomy (truncal, highly selective, superselective) in rats, basal gastric secretion, gastric mucosal blood flow, associated fasting blood glucose and a variety of hormones were measured. All forms of vagotomy reduce acid (volume, acidity, output), but highly selective and superselective--though not truncal--procedures stimulate basal pepsin secretion, whereas mucosal blood flow roughly parallels acid production. Spontaneous gastric mucosal lesions increase after highly selective vagotomy. Both highly selective and superselective--but not truncal--vagotomy tend to increase plasma glucose and somatostatin, while only the former reduces insulin and glucagon. Common to all vagotomies is the development of virtually undetectable calcitonin (less than 25 pg/ml) and of hypergastrinemia. It is concluded that in the rat with draining gastric fistula in response to vagotomy there are moderate differences in regard to gastric mucosal ulcer index, gastric secretion, glucose, glucose-regulating hormones, while lowered calcitonin may be a general feature of low vagal tone.
 ...
PMID:Basal gastric secretion, mucosal blood flow and associated fasting blood hormones in the rat. Effects of various forms of vagotomy. 612 15

In non-stressed rats and rats stressed by immobilization, gastric secretion (acid, pepsin), mucosal blood flow (MBF), stress ulcers as well as glucose, insulin, and glucagon in blood were studied during 8 h, with and without additional infusion of exogenous glucagon (0.2, 1.4, 9.8 micrograms/kg/h). Metabolic clearance of glucagon and the disappearance half-time of exogenous glucagon from blood do not differ during zero stress and stress, a fact that favors the assumption of hypersecretion of glucagon as the cause of stress hyperglucagonemia. During stress alone acid secretion (volume, acidity) and MBF are lower than during zero stress; pepsin remains unchanged. Under zero stress condition additionally administered glucagon inhibits pepsin and MBF, but not acid secretion, in a dose-dependent manner. The ulcer index increased without changing the severity of ulcers. During stress the intermediate and highest glucagon doses stimulate MBF and pepsin secretion, other variables remaining unchanged. It is concluded that glucagon effects on functions of the gastric mucosa in the rat vary fundamentally, depending upon the environmental conditions.
 ...
PMID:Influence of exogenous glucagon on gastric acid secretion, mucosal blood flow, and stress ulcers in the rat: dose-response results under non-stress conditions and immobilization stress. 661 2

The effects of glucagon on gastric secretion in the dog have been studied. Gastric juice was collected both from denervated and innervated pouches under basal conditions and when the animals were stimulated by meat extract and by histamine. In the dogs with innervated pouches psychic stimulation and the stimulatory action of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia were also used. Glucagon reduced the volume but not the acidity of gastric juice collected under all conditions. This effect was independent of its hyperglycaemic action and occurred when physiological doses were administered.
 ...
PMID:Effect of glucagon on gastric secretion in the dog. 1381 May 19

Rats exposed to stress developed various changes in the gastrointestinal tract and hormones. The present study was designed to compare the impact of tocopherol and tocotrienol on changes that influence gastric and hormonal parameters important in maintaining gastric mucosal integrity in rats exposed to restrain stress. These include gastric acidity, gastric tissue content of parameters such as malondialdehyde, prostaglandin (PGE(2)), serum levels of gastrin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were randomly divided into three equal sized groups, a control group which received a normal rat diet (RC) and two treatment groups each receiving a vitamin deficient diet with oral supplementation of either tocopherol (TF) or tocotrienol (TT) at 60 mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were taken from half the number of rats (non-stressed group) after a treatment period of 28 days before they were killed. The remaining half was subjected to experimental restraint-stress, at 2 hours daily for 4 consecutive days (stressed groups), on the fourth day, blood samples were taken and the rats killed. The findings showed that the gastric acid concentration and serum gastrin level in stressed rats were significantly (P<0.05) reduced compared to the non-stressed rats in the control and TF groups. However, the gastric acidity and gastrin levels in the TT group were comparable in stressed and non-stressed rats. These findings suggest that tocotrienol is able to preserve the gastric acidity and serum gastrin level which are usually altered in stressed conditions. The PGE(2) content and the plasma GLP-1 level were, however, comparable in all stressed and non-stressed groups indicating that these parameters were not altered in stress and that supplementation with TF or TT had no effect on the gastric PGE2 content or the GLP-1 level. The malondialdehyde, an indicator of lipid peroxidation was higher from gastric tissues in the stressed groups compared to the non-stressed groups. These findings implicated that free radicals may play a role in the development of gastric injury in stress and supplementation with either TF or TT was able to reduce the lipid peroxidation levels compared to the control rats. We conclude that both tocopherol and tocotrienol are comparable in their gastro-protective ability against damage by free radicals generated in stress conditions, but only tocotrienol has the ability to block the stress-induced changes in the gastric acidity and gastrin level.
 ...
PMID:A comparison between tocopherol and tocotrienol effects on gastric parameters in rats exposed to stress. 1632 42