Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of the intramuscular injection of various doses of glucagon in 15 healthy subjects was studied. Significant elevations of plasma ACTH, and cortisol were found to occur 3 h after the administration of 4 mg of crystalline glucagon. Mean levels in 7 subjects were for ACTH 44 +/- 30 (SD) pg/ml, and for cortisol 14 +/- 6 (SD) mug/100 ml at the beginning of the test, and rose to 109 +/- 48 (SD) pg/ml and to 23 +/- 5 (SD) mug/100 ml respectively following glucagon. The peak response of ACTH and cortisol was preceded by a significant rise of plasma insulin, by a fall of the blood glucose, which was initially increased by the administration of glucagon, and by the symptoms of nausea and sweating. This study demonstrates that the intramuscluar administration of glucagon (4 mg) provids a potent stimulus to ACTH and cortisol secretion in healthy subjects.
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PMID:ACTH and cortisol responses to glucagon stimulation. 18 12

In a study to determine a dose response to glucagon during hypotonic duodenography, 15 male and female volunteers received placebo and 0.25 mg 1 mg and 2 mg glucagon intramuscularly, double-blind and cross-over. When 0.25 mg glucagon was given, the onset of drug effect was approximately 13--18 min: the mean duration of moderate hypotonicity was approximately 4--7 min. The larger the dose, the greater the duration of drug action. When 2 mg glucagon was given, the onset of drug effect occurred in approximately 4--7 min; the mean duration of moderate hypotonicity was 22--32 min. There were no changes in pulse or blood pressure attributable to the drug with these doses, and reports of nausea and diarrhea did not increase significantly until a dose above 1 mg was given. One mg glucagon given IM is useful in hypotonic upper Gl radiographic examinations. The onset of hypotonicity was 8--10 min with a duration of 12--27 min when this dose was given. Few reports of side effects were attributable to this dose.
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PMID:Dose response to intramuscular glucagon during hypotonic radiography. 34 41

This report summarizes the results of nine diagnostic radiographic studies done double blind crossover comparing glucagon to placebo and to anticholinergic drugs in volunteers. In seven studies the subjects were administered drug intramuscularly and in two studies intravenously. There were five diagnostic studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract, one for esophageal varices and three of the colon. The results indicate that glucagon can be given intramuscularly and intravenously. When given intravenously it has a rapid onset and predictable length of action depending on the dose given. Reports of side effects were few consisting primarily of nausea and or vomiting. These results indicate that glucagon is the drug of choice for hypotonic diagnostic examinations.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal radiography with glucagon. 36 74

The efficacy and safety of gliclazide (Diamicron) were studied in 29 NIDDM patients (19 men and 10 women aged 25-68 years) who failed to improve with diet or with diet plus a sulfonylurea. All patients were overweight and had fasting blood glucose levels consistently above 150 mg/dl (8.24 mmol/l). After withdrawal of oral hypoglycemics where applicable, they received 40 mg Diamicron three times daily with meals. The dose was increased by 40-80 mg/day until optimum control was obtained or up to a maximum of 320 mg/day. Treatment lasted for 12 months. At the end of this period the mean fasting blood glucose level had fallen by 35% from 238 to 154 mg/dl and the mean 2-h postprandial blood glucose level had fallen by 28% from 237.7 to 195 mg/dl. The mean glycosylated hemoglobin level also fell by 30% from 10.10 to 7.02%, i.e. within the normal range. In addition, there was a 19% fall in triglyceride and a 10% fall in cholesterol levels, with no change in body weight. No changes were observed for serum insulin, C-peptide and glucagon levels, thyroid function tests, blood counts, liver and kidney function tests, uric acid, electrolytes, blood pressure or heart rate. No clinical or ECG abnormalities were observed in patients with or without cardiovascular disease. There were two presumptive hypoglycemic reactions, but these did not require treatment. Adverse effects were reported by 22 patients, including dizziness and light-headedness, diarrhea, nausea, palpitations and pruritus, but none required modification of Diamicron therapy. The results therefore show that Diamicron is safe, effective and well tolerated in suitably selected NIDDM patients.
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PMID:Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Diamicron in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. 179 70

To determine if carbohydrates perfused into the ileum affect gastric emptying and circulating levels of gastrointestinal hormones, 18 healthy subjects were intubated with an oroileal tube. A 400-cal (60% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 20% fat) homogenized meal labeled with 111In-DTPA was then infused into the stomach over 10 min. Simultaneously, a test solution of normal saline (n = 6) or 12.5 (n = 4), 25 (n = 4), 50 (n = 2), or 100 (n = 2) mg/min of carbohydrates (75% rice starch, 25% glucose) containing a nonabsorbable marker, polyethylene glycol, was continuously perfused into the terminal ileum at 3 ml/min for 7 h. In one-half of the subjects the perfusate contained an amylase inhibitor (3.3 mg/ml) that reduced starch digestion and carbohydrate absorption. Gastric emptying was measured by a dual-headed gamma-camera. Plasma concentrations of hormones and the amount of carbohydrates passing the ileum were measured every 10 min. The amylase inhibitor significantly reduced the absorption of complex carbohydrates from the terminal ileum (p less than 0.05). Gastric emptying was significantly slowed by ileal perfusion of carbohydrates (p less than 0.01). This effect was enhanced by the amylase inhibitor (p = 0.06). Plasma concentrations of C-peptide, glucagon, motilin, gastrin, and human pancreatic polypeptide were not related to gastric emptying or ileal perfusates, but decreased concentrations of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and neurotensin and increased concentrations of peptide YY were significantly associated (p less than 0.05) with slowing of gastric emptying. Perfusing carbohydrates into the ileum was associated with nausea, abdominal pain, and vomiting, but we could detect no direct relationship between the onset of these symptoms and gastric emptying. Slowing of gastric emptying of a homogenized mixed meal by the entry of complex carbohydrates into the ileum may be partly mediated by peptide YY or nonvagally mediated neural mechanisms.
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PMID:Effect of ileal perfusion of carbohydrates and amylase inhibitor on gastrointestinal hormones and emptying. 246 4

Pancreatic beta cell function was measured in 15 nondiabetic controls, 10 insulin-dependent diabetics (IDD) and 19 non-insulin-dependent diabetics (NIDD), aged 18 to 45 years, by means of the peripheral serum C-peptide response to 1 mg of glucagon. The fasting serum C-peptide (FCP) in IDD was lower than in the controls and NIDD (p less than 0.01), but there was no significant difference between the controls and NIDD (p greater than 0.05). The maximal in crement of serum C-peptide (delta CP) after glucagon stimulation in the controls was higher than in IDD and NIDD (p less than 0.01), and there was a gap between IDD (less than or equal to 0.69 ng/ml) and NIDD (1.20 ng/ml). During the glucagon test, serum C-peptide concentrations were highest in the first 15 minutes unlike plasma glucose which reached its highest value between 20 and 40 minutes. NIDD, either obese or nonobese, had a lower mean delta CP value than did controls. In the controls, IDD and NIDD, the FCP was correlated well with delta CP (r = 0.61, 0.93 and 0.59) but not with fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.19, -0.08 and 0.23). During the glucagon test, the mean maximal increments of plasma glucose were between 52.5 and 62.5 mg/dl. Nausea was the main complaint in 19 (43%) of the subjects but it was mild and transient. In conclusion, measuring serum C-peptide response after glucagon stimulation is a simple and safe test which may be a discriminative method to establish insulin dependency in young diabetic patients.
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PMID:C-peptide response to glucagon in young diabetics. 267 32

Hypertensive crisis in a patient with pheochromocytoma can be induced by endoscopy premedication. Opiates, glucagon, and metoclopramide are commonly used in the gastrointestinal laboratory and capable of releasing catecholamines from a pheochromocytoma. Patients who have just had endoscopy can display untoward effects such as nausea, weakness, and diaphoresis. Such patients should probably have their blood pressure carefully recorded. Although hypotension is expected, endoscopists should be alert to the finding of severe hypertension and consider pheochromocytoma. The need for this becomes even greater considering that primary gastrointestinal endoscopy is often being done in doctor's offices away from hospitals and more acute resuscitative resources. In the case reported, a life-threatening hypertensive crisis was induced by fentanyl. The hypertensive crisis was correctly ascribed to pheochromocytoma, enabling institution of lifesaving treatment.
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PMID:Inadvertent diagnosis of pheochromocytoma after endoscopic premedication. 291 Jun 72

In 10 healthy men, we have compared the respective effects of an intravenous injection of glucagon (1 mg) and an oral glucose load (75 G) in eliciting the release of C-peptide and insulin from the pancreas. Serum C-peptide and insulin concentrations increased respectively to median values of 190% and 500% at 6 minutes after glucagon injection, and 344% and 794% at 30 minutes and 268% and 278% at 60 minutes following glucose ingestion. The oral glucose load was as effective as glucagon injection in testing beta cell function and was free from the unpleasant side effects (nausea, vomiting, syncope) commonly associated with glucagon. We conclude that oral glucose loading is probably the test of choice to elicit C-peptide release when screening populations of normal subjects for adequacy of beta cell function.
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PMID:Comparison of oral glucose loading and intravenous glucagon injection as stimuli to C-peptide secretion in normal men. 295 15

Laboratory studies occasionally are necessary for patients who have undergone hypotonic gastrointestinal examinations. To ascertain the effects of glucagon on these patients, we determined the biochemical and hematologic responses to doses of 0.25-2 mg of glucagon in a double-blind crossover study. When glucagon was given intravenously or intramuscularly in increasing doses, serum values for glucose and insulin increased linearly up to 1 mg with a slight decrease at 2 mg. After intravenous and intramuscular administration of glucagon, the white blood cell count and the percentage of neutrophiles and bands increased, and the percentage of lymphocytes decreased. Reports of side effects included one each of nausea and mouth dryness after intravenous glucagon and four reports of nausea and one of mouth dryness after intramuscular glucagon. No changes in the pulse and blood pressure could be attributed to glucagon administration.
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PMID:The laboratory response to glucagon dosages used in gastrointestinal examinations. 306 74

Hypoglycaemia (blood glucose 1.3-2.5 mmol/l) was induced in thirty diabetic children by reduction of their morning meal. Glucagon, 10 or 20 micrograms/kg was then given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. Ten min later, all signs of hypoglycaemia had disappeared and blood glucose concentrations increased by 0.7-3.3 mmol/l. Glucagon plasma concentrations at glucose nadir were low, 23 +/- 8 pmol/l, rose to 300 +/- 42 ten min after the injection and reached peak values after another ten min. Later, a slow decrease was noted. No significant difference of blood glucose or plasma glucagon concentrations were found after subcutaneous or intramuscular injections of 20 micrograms/kg. After 10 micrograms/kg, slightly lower increase of blood glucose was seen, but the clinical effect was equally good. Nausea occurred in four children given 20 micrograms/kg. The rise of blood glucose did not correlate to the peak glucagon concentration obtained after the injection but showed significant correlations to the lowest glucose concentration and, inversely, to the concentration of free insulin in blood at glucose nadir. It is concluded that glucagon injections are effective in hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetic children and that the injection of 10-20 micrograms/kg gives long-standing supraphysiological concentrations which make repeated injections unnecessary.
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PMID:Hypoglycaemia in childhood diabetes. II. Effect of subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of different doses of glucagon. 339 8


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