Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Somatostatin, a peptide isolated from ovine hypothalami, prevents growth hormone secretion in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, somatostatin interferes with the secretion of various other hormones: TSH insulin, glucagon, gastrin, VIP and GIP. Under certain conditions a blunting effect on the secretion of prolactin and ACTH can be demonstrated.
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PMID:[Somatostatin -- a review (author's transl)]. 126 5

Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin were measured repeatedly in ten females undergoing abdominal hysterectomy during general anaesthesia. In addition to general anaesthesia five of the patients had continuous epidural analgesia effective for the first 26 postoperative hours. Plasma glucose was elevated during surgery and postoperatively, but not in patients having epidural analgesia. Insulin was low and unchanged in both groups. Glucagon was unchanged and similar in both groups. Cortisol was lower during surgery in the epidural group, but not postoperatively. Growth hormone increased during surgery in four of five patients receiving general anaesthesia alone, but no changes were observed in the epidural group. Prolactin was greatly elevated in all patients immediately after induction of anaesthesia and then fell rapidly during surgery, similarly in both groups. It is concluded that epidural analgesia can inhibit the hyperglycaemic response to surgical stress, but this effect cannot be uniformly correlated to changes in peripheral plasma levels of insulin, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone or prolactin.
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PMID:Effect of epidural analgesia on the glycoregulatory endocrine response to surgery. 126 58

The acute suppressive effects of L-dopa and somatostatin (growth hormone release inhibiting hormone) on the elevated plasma GH concentrations of seven patients with acromegaly were compared. In addition the effects of the two agents on fasting concentrations of plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon and prolactin were studied. In six of the seven patients hourly samples for GH assay were taken from 08.00 to 20.00 hours on a control day. Synthetic cyclic somatostatin (100 mug) was infused intravenously in an albumin/saline solution over 75 min with a Harvard constant infusion pump. Levodopa 500 mg was given orally. Somatostatin infusion produced a reduction in plasma GH concentrations in six of seven patients (mean reduction 55%). L-Dopa produced a reduction in plasma GH concentrations in the same six patients (mean reduction 52%). The minimum GH concentrations achieved in the two tests were comparable and did not differ significantly from the minimum GH concentrations recorded during the 12 h control study. Mean plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations were also significantly reduced during the somatostatin infusion (P less than 0-025; P less than 0-05 respectively). Plasma glucose concentrations did not change. L-Dopa did not alter mean plasma glucose, insulin or glucagon values. Somatostatin did not alter prolactin values but L-Dopa suppressed basal values to less than 2 ng/ml in five patients. This study shows that the plasma GH change after the administration of L-dopa and somatostatin in acromegaly is comparable and confirms the pancreatic effects of somatostatin.
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PMID:A comparison of the effect of levodopa and somatostatin on the plasma levels of growth hormone, insulin, glucagon and prolactin in acromegaly. 126 63

To investigate the role of muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms in mediating the pancreatic and pituitary hormonal responses to hypoglycaemia, six normal subjects were studied during acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia under control conditions, and during blockade with intravenous atropine. During atropine blockade the response of pancreatic polypeptide was suppressed while the maximum response of plasma glucagon was significantly higher. The increment in plasma vasopressin was also increased significantly during cholinergic blockade. During blockade with atropine the responses of plasma prolactin was reduced, with a slight but significant reduction in the growth hormone response, and although a similar maximum response of plasma ACTH was achieved, this rise was delayed. These results implicate involvement of a cholinergic muscarinic inhibitory and stimulatory mechanisms in regulating the responses of pancreatic and pituitary hormones to hypoglycaemia.
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PMID:Pancreatic and pituitary hormonal responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia during muscarinic cholinergic blockade in man. 133 62

Two hundred and forty-one cases of isolated ACTH deficiency have been reported in Japan since 1969. Pituitary hormone responsiveness to stimulation tests before and after hydrocortisone supplementation was investigated in these cases. Plasma ACTH level showed no or little change in response to lysine vasopressin, metyrapone, CRF or insulin-induced hypoglycemia in 97.3-100% of the cases. Serum GH level changed little or not at all in response to GRF, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, glucagon, 1-dopa and arginine in 26.9, 29.3, 40.0, 50.0 and 56.1%, respectively. Serum TSH and prolactin (PRL) levels showed hyperresponse to TRH in 34.7 and 35.6%, respectively. After hydrocortisone therapy, GH secretion was more responsive than before therapy in 78.9% of the cases. After supplementation, TSH level was less responsive to TRH stimulation than before therapy in 59.3% of the cases. After hydrocortisone supplementation, TSH response to TRH decreased in 75% of ACTH-deficient patients without primary hypothyroidism but did not decrease in more than half of those with primary hypothyroidism. TSH response to TRH decreased after supplementation in 76.5% of the patients with TSH hyperresponsiveness before therapy, and increased after therapy in 66.7% of those with normal TSH responses before therapy. After supplementation, PRL response to TRH was less than that before therapy in 43.5% of ACTH--deficient patients, and greater than that before therapy in 30.4%. PRL response to TRH decreased after therapy in 66.7% of the patients with PRL hyperresponsiveness before therapy, and increased in 63.6% of those with normal PRL response before therapy. Primary hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis were complicated in 21.6 and 11.6%, respectively, of the 241 patients with isolated ACTH deficiency. In patients who had TSH hyperresponsiveness and/or high basal TSH levels and PRL hyperresponsiveness and/or high basal PRL levels, primary hypothyroidism was complicated in 58.4 and 42.3%, respectively. Hashimoto's thyroiditis was complicated in 29.8 and 20.5%, respectively, of these patients. Pituitary cell antibody (PCA) was detected in 36.6% of ACTH-deficient patients who were examined. Pituitary cell surface antibody (PCSA) to AtT-20 cells and GH3 cells was detected in 50.0 and 28.0% of the examined cases, respectively. The prevalence of PCA and PCSA did not differ between TSH-hyperresponsive patients and those with normal TSH basal levels and response, whereas PCA and PCSA were significantly more prevalent in PRL-hyperresponsive patients than in those with normal PRL levels and response. An empty sella was found in 30.2% of the examined case.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Hyperresponsiveness of TSH and prolactin and impaired responsiveness of GH in Japanese patients with isolated ACTH deficiency]. 133 97

There is a great variation in body weight loss during lactation among primiparous sows fed a standard diet that is adjusted based on the number of piglets nursed and the maintenance requirements. Energy and protein catabolism is more pronounced during the first 1 to 3 weeks of lactation and sows with low weight loss recover earlier from their negative energy balance during lactation than sows with high weight loss. Using continuous blood collection a decrease in plasma levels of oxytocin, prolactin, and insulin, and an increase in plasma levels and no of LH pulses during lactation were demonstrated. Prolactin levels gradually increased in response to each suckling while only 40-50% of recorded sucklings induced a significant rise in plasma oxytocin. Following a 24-h fast during lactation, levels of prolactin were very low but increased rapidly after refeeding. Even plasma levels of insulin and glucose decreased to very low levels during fasting, but the release of LH was similar before and after refeeding. Weaning resulted in decrease in plasma levels of prolactin and increase in plasma levels and no. of LH pulses. Plasma levels of cortisol showed a diurnal pattern of change which disappeared on the day of weaning. In response to weaning plasma levels of glucagon and gastrin decreased, whereas insulin and somatostatin increased. At weaning sows with low weight loss during lactation had higher plasma insulin and lower plasma cortisol levels than sows with high weight loss, but no differences in levels or no. of LH pulses were observed between the two groups of sows.
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PMID:Metabolic and reproductive hormones during lactation and the post-weaning period in sows. 134 70

Using medium with a low ionic strength, a low concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ and devoid of K+, we have measured Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in the homogenates of rat islets preincubated for 3 min with several hormones in the presence of 3.3 mmol glucose/l. Insulin secretion was also measured in islets incubated for 5 min under identical experimental conditions. Islets preincubated with glucose (3.3 mmol/l) and glucagon (1.4 mumol/l) plus theophylline (10 mmol/l), ACTH (0.11 nmol/l), bovine GH (0.46 mumol/l), prolactin (0.2 mumol/l) or tri-iodothyronine (1.0 nmol/l) have significantly lower Ca(2+)-ATPase activity than those preincubated with only 3.3 mmol glucose/l. All these hormones increased the release of insulin significantly. Dexamethasone (0.1 mumol/l) and somatostatin (1.2 mumol/l) enhanced the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity while adrenaline (10 mumol/l) did not produce any significant effect on the activity of the enzyme. These hormones decreased the release of insulin significantly. These results demonstrated that islet Ca(2+)-ATPase activity was modulated by the hormones tested. Their inhibitory or enhancing effect seemed to be related to their effect on insulin secretion; i.e. those which stimulated the secretion of insulin inhibited the activity of the enzyme and vice versa. Hence, their effect on insulin secretion may be due, in part, to their effect on enzyme activity and consequently on the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+. These results reinforce the assumption that Ca(2+)-ATPase activity participates in the physiological regulation of insulin secretion, being one of the cellular targets for several agents which affect this process.
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PMID:Correlation between Ca(2+)-ATPase activity of rat islet cells and insulin secretion. 135 67

Endocrine abnormalities in patients with chronic renal failure are well documented. The present study aimed to assess the influence of long-term erythropoietin (EPO) therapy on endocrine abnormalities in haemodialyzed patients. Two groups of haemodialyzed patients, each of which comprised 17 subjects, were examined. The first one treated by EPO (EPO group) while the second one did not receive this hormone (NO-EPO group). A complete biochemical and hormonal check-up was performed before and at the 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of the study period. Normal values for the estimated parameters were obtained in appropriately selected sex and age-matched healthy subjects. After EPO therapy an increase of the haematocrit value from 21.8 +/- 0.9% to 32.6 +/- 0.9% was observed which was accompanied by a significant decline of plasma ferritin and saturation of transferrin. In patients of the NO-EPO group a significant although less marked rise of the haematocrit value (21.4 +/- 0.4% to 24.2 +/- 0.6%) was also noticed. EPO therapy did not change electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, inorganic phosphate), osteocalcin, creatinine, glucose and alkaline phosphatase plasma levels as well as plasma concentrations of calcium related hormones (PTH, calcitonin, 1.25(OH)2D3) and vasopressin (AVP). EPO treatment induced a significant decline of somatotropin (HGH), prolactin (PRO), follitropin (FSH), lutropin (LH), ACTH, cortisol, plasma renin activity, aldosterone, insulin (IRI), glucagon (IR-G), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and gastrin plasma levels and an increase of plasma estradiol, testosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). These EPO induced endocrine alterations were restricted mostly to the first 6 months of EPO administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Influence of long-term erythropoietin therapy on endocrine abnormalities in haemodialyzed patients. 145 6

Sodium nitroprusside was infused intravenously for 10 minutes in normal men, reclining at 45 degrees, in a dose sufficient to decrease the arterial pressure by 10 mmHg. The effect on a variety of plasma hormones was measured during the infusion and for 20 minutes afterwards. The heart rate increased to a maximum of 149%. Norepinephrine rose to a maximum of 196% in 5 minutes. Epinephrine reached a peak of 207% after 10 minutes. Plasma renin activity reached a peak of 449% at 10 minutes. Aldosterone did not change during the infusion, but increased to a maximum of 145% 10 minutes later. Vasopressin increased sharply at the end of the infusion to 893% and then rapidly decreased. Corticotropin, prolactin and growth hormone started to increase toward the end of the infusion, but reached their maxima during recovery. Corticotropin (225%) and prolactin (288%) peaked 10 minutes after the infusion, while growth hormone (414%) appeared still to be rising 20 minutes after the end of the infusion. Cortisol also rose progressively during recovery to a level of 138%. No significant changes were seen in the concentrations of insulin, glucagon, atrial natriuretic peptide, bombesin or neurotensin.
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PMID:Temporal relations of the endocrine response to hypotension with sodium nitroprusside. 155 71

The effect of total weaning (all piglets were weaned at 35 days of lactation) and fractionated weaning (the heavier half of the litter was weaned on day 33 of lactation and the remainder 2 days later) on plasma levels of prolactin, oxytocin, insulin, glucagon, glucose, gastrin and somatostatin in primiparous sows was studied. Twelve crossbred sows were grouped into six pairs according to farrowing data and litter size. The litter of one sow in each pair was weaned in two stages (treatment), and the other was conventionally weaned (control). Blood samples were collected via a permanent jugular vein catheter every 3 hours from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. from day 31 of lactation until the third day of final weaning. In response to total weaning (studied in the six control sows), plasma prolactin, glucagon and gastrin decreased significantly, whereas plasma insulin and somatostatin significantly increased. Basal concentrations of plasma oxytocin and glucose remained unchanged after weaning. Fractionated weaning did not result in any significant differences in the hormonal and glucose levels as compared with the total weaning. The possible role of prolactin in modulating insulin, glucagon and glucose concentrations as well as the possibility that oxytocin affects gastrin and somatostatin levels following weaning are discussed.
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PMID:Effects of weaning on plasma levels of prolactin, oxytocin, insulin, glucagon, glucose, gastrin and somatostatin in sows. 167 12


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