Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors report a case of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lower third of the esophagus. Immunohistochemical study revealed that most tumor cells expressed neuron specific enolase, chromogranin A, carcinoembryonic antigen and glucagon. They insist on the usefulness of this study on biopsies in order to guide therapeutic decision.
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PMID:[Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the esophagus. Case report with immunohistochemical study]. 129 57

Cystic islet cell tumors of the pancreas are extremely rare. The authors report their personal experience with two cases of nonfunctioning cystic endocrine neoplasms. The tumor was diagnosed preoperatively in one case by ultrasonography (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology, while in the other it was identified only in the surgical specimen after a clinical-radiologic diagnosis of pancreatic mucinous cystic tumor. Immunohistochemical assay showed positivity for the generic neuroendocrine markers (neuron specific enolase, or NSE, synaptophysin, and chromogranin A) in both cases and also for glucagon in one case. The neoplasms were resected by distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy and intermediate pancreatectomy respectively. Both patients are alive and recurrence-free 6 mo and 2.5 yr, respectively, after surgery. The authors also review the existing literature, discussing the pathogenesis of such tumors and the imaging techniques and surgical strategies adopted in their management.
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PMID:Cystic islet cell tumors of the pancreas. A clinico-pathological report of two nonfunctioning cases and review of the literature. 132 29

The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of a long-term and a short-term treatment regimen with 15-R-15-methyl prostaglandin E2 and natural prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on the endocrine cell populations of the rat pancreas. Graded oral doses of the analogue (5 and 50 micrograms/kg) and PGE2 (5000 micrograms/kg) were given twice daily for 4 weeks. The pancreas was carefully excised and weighed. Sections from randomly taken pancreatic biopsy specimens were processed for immunohistochemistry or hematoxylin and eosin staining before quantitative estimations were made, using stereologic methods. The total pancreatic volumes of insulin-, glucagon-, polypeptide P-, somatostatin-, and chromogranin A-immunoreactive cells were not affected by E2 prostaglandins. Neither the total volume of the islets of Langerhans nor that of the pancreatic cell nuclei was affected. The size of pancreatic cell nuclei was the same in the groups. The plasma levels of the antitrophic peptide somatostatin were significantly increased in rats treated with doses of both the analogue and PGE2 (p less than 0.05). In an additional short-term study rats were given oral placebo or 5000 micrograms/kg PGE2 twice daily for 5 days. The total endocrine pancreatic volume was not affected by PGE2. As in the long-term study, natural PGE2 did not affect the total pancreas volume or the total volume of pancreatic cell nuclei. These findings indicate that E2 prostaglandins produce no changes in the exocrine or endocrine pancreas in a dose range known to induce hyperplasia in the gastrointestinal epithelium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Trophic doses of E2 prostaglandins do not influence the exocrine and endocrine pancreas in the presence of high levels of plasma somatostatin. 134 56

Various endocrine cells can be stained by the argyrophil reaction of Grimelius. This silver stain has recently been attributed to chromogranin A, an acidic glycoprotein, that is present in many endocrine cells. Using serial sections of plastic-embedded tissues (adrenal medulla, pancreas, gastric mucosa) various endocrine cells were investigated for their content of chromogranin A immunoreactivity and for their argyrophilia. The findings in four species (man, cattle, pig, guinea pig) showed that chromogranin A immunoreactivity and argyrophil stain partly overlap in identical endocrine cells, but do not necessarily coincide in the majority of endocrine cells. We found that endocrine cells could be positive for chromogranin A and argyrophilia (e.g., aminergic endocrine cells); or positive for chromogranin A but negative for argyrophilia (e.g., insulin cells of all species; somatostatin cells of cattle and pig); or negative for chromogranin A but positive for argyrophilia (e.g., glucagon cells of pig and guinea pig); or negative for chromogranin A and argyrophilia (e.g., somatostatin cells of man and guinea pig). Such heterogeneities of the staining pattern for chromogranin A and argyrophil silver reaction were also observed in individual endocrine cells of a given population (e.g., gastrin cells). Hence, although recent dot-blot tests have shown that chromogranin A is an argyrophilic substance, in tissue sections chromogranin A immunostaining and Grimelius' silver staining did not coincide in various endocrine cells, for unknown reasons. Therefore, it is recommended to use both chromogranin A immunohistochemistry and the classical Grimelius' silver stain to "mark" that vast majority of endocrine cells in tissue sections.
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PMID:Chromogranin A immunoreactivity and Grimelius' argyrophilia. A correlative study in mammalian endocrine cells. 134 63

1. Pancreastatin, a 49 amino acid peptide derived from chromogranin A, has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on insulin secretion in the perfused pancreas and isolated islets. 2. We have studied the effect of pancreastatin on glucagon-stimulated insulin release and the hyperglycemic of glucagon effect in vivo. 3. When administered in the mesenteric vein, pancreastatin inhibited the increase in insulin levels induced by glucagon stimulation, thereby potentiating the hyperglycemic effect of glucagon. 4. This study describes a regulatory role of pancreastatin on glucagon-induced insulin release in vivo.
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PMID:Pancreastatin and its 33-49 C-terminal fragment inhibit glucagon-stimulated insulin in vivo. 139 69

The immunoreaction of a rabbit chromogranin A and B antiserum was studied in normal human pancreatic islets. By examination of consecutive light microscopical sections, it was revealed that, at high antiserum concentrations (1:2000 or less), the whole islet area was heavily labelled, although the peripheral glucagon (A)-cells were the most intense in their immunoreaction. At low antiserum concentrations (1:4000 or more) the A-cells still showed the same intense labelling reaction, but the central B-cells were weakly labelled. Electron microscopically, reactivity towards the chromogranin A and B antiserum and the monoclonal insulin antibodies was present in the same central electron-dense core of the B-cell secretory granules, as demonstrated after application of the immunogold technique at different antibody dilutions. In the A-cells, the chromogranin immunoreactivity was concentrated at the peripheral mantle of the secretory granules. The D-cell granules showed a weak immunolabelling. Examination of human islets with the monoclonal chromogranin A antibody LK2H10 revealed immunogold labelling only in the peripheral mantle of the A-cell granules, while the B-cell granules were unlabelled. The present results show that a chromogranin peptide is co-stored with insulin the in normal human B-cell secretory granules. Although the exact composition of this B-cell chromogranin is unknown, it is not identical to that of the chromogranin A present in the A-cell granules.
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PMID:A chromogranin peptide is co-stored with insulin in the human pancreatic islet B-cell granules. 142 3

A 69-year-old man complaining of longstanding hearing loss and mild otorrhea was found to have a mass obliterating the external auditory canal and polypous tympanic mucosa with accompanying absence of the tympanic membrane and ossicular chain. Tumors excised from the external auditory canal and tympanum showed histologic features essentially characteristic of a carcinoid tumor: a ribbon or festoon arrangement of tumor cells, formation of anastomosing cords and glandular spaces, presence of numerous argyrophilic as well as argentaffin secretory granules within many of the tumor cells, and ultrastructural evidence of neurosecretory granules in the tumor cell cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was found to contain not only neuronal marker substances such as neuron-specific enolase, S-100 protein and chromogranin A, but also serotonin and multiple peptide hormones such as pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, cholecystokinin and leucine-enkephalin. A review of the pathology of 17 previous cases of carcinoid of the middle ear suggested that this type of carcinoid may have a variegated hormone profile among carcinoids of foregut origin, and hormonally may resemble ileal carcinoid arising from the midgut, although their histogenetic origins may differ, because of frequent production of serotonin.
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PMID:Carcinoid tumor of the middle ear containing serotonin and multiple peptide hormones. A case report and review of the pathology literature. 144 56

Goblet cell carcinoids are uncommon but distinctive tumours of the appendix. We have reviewed 11 cases diagnosed within the period 1976-1990. The mean age at presentation was 58 years (range 24-76), with a female:male ratio of 8:3. At presentation, in seven patients tumour was confined to the appendix or mesoappendix (mean age 51) and in four there was extension beyond the appendix (mean age 69). Of the seven patients with localized tumour, six are alive and without clinical disease after a mean follow-up period of 32 months and one died with recurrent tumour after 10 years. Of the four with more extensive disease, two died during follow-up (at 23 months with probable liver metastases and at 16 months with intestinal obstruction) and two are alive, one with disease and one clinically disease-free. Immunohistochemistry showed that all of the tumours stained positively for either neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A or protein gene product 9.5. No tumour stained with antiserum to substance P and none showed glucagon-like immunoreactivity, but four cases stained positively for pancreatic polypeptide, an unusual feature in midgut carcinoids.
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PMID:Appendiceal goblet cell carcinoids: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study. 167 61

Pancreatic tumours of transgenic mice carrying a glucagon-promoted simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen oncogene have been analysed by histological, histochemical, ultrastructural and radioimmunological means. Seven transgenic mice were examined revealing dysplastic and neoplastic lesions in the endocrine pancreas. Four tumours were identified, one of which metastasized to periadrenal spaces and paravertebral lymph nodes. Benign tumours were composed of argyrophilic, endocrine cells reactive to a range of antibodies against neuroendocrine markers (neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, chromogranin A, synaptophysin and protein 7B2) and different fragments of the proglucagon molecule (glucagon, glicentin, glucagon-like polypeptides 1 and 2). A few tumour cells expressed pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin or insulin. Conventional ultrastructural analysis and immunogold labelling revealed typical glucagon-immunoreactive alpha granules which co-stored glicentin and glucagon-like polypeptides 1 and 2. The malignant primary tumour and its metastases were composed mainly of cells which did not show immunoreactivity for neuroendocrine markers or peptides. Atypical, glucagon-immunogold labelled granules were detected at electron microscopy in differentiated tumour cells and C-type retroviral particles in the largest tumour population of degranulated cells. The transgene-encoded oncoprotein SV40 large T-antigen was detected in the nuclei of well-differentiated tumour cells and in alpha cells of some dysplastic islets. All tumour-bearing mice showed high levels of circulating glucagon-like immunoreactivity. Transgenic mice harbouring the glucagon-promoted SV40 T antigen oncogene may provide a model for human glucagonoma.
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PMID:Glucagonomas of transgenic mice express a wide range of general neuroendocrine markers and bioactive peptides. 167 63

Endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the domestic duck were identified immunocytochemically using antisera specific to bombesin, chromogranin A, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, glucagon, neuron specific enolase (NSE), neurotensin, secretin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Chromogranin A, 5-HT and somatostatin immunoreactive cells were widespread throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Bombesin immunoreactive cells were observed only in the proventriculus and the gizzard. CCK, substance P and neurotensin immunoreactive cells were present in the intestinal tracts from the duodenum to the colorectum. The latter were numerous also in the antrum. Gastrin cells were peculiar to the antrum but present also in the gizzard and small intestine. Glucagon immunoreactive cells were present in the jejunum-ileum and above all in the large intestine. Only few secretin cells were present in the duodenum. The highest frequency of endocrine cells was found in the antrum, while the lowest was observed in the caeca. Antisera to somatostatin and substance P showed numerous nerve cells and fibers besides endocrine cells, whereas NSE and VIP immunopositivity was found in the nervous structures only of the gut wall.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study on the endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of domestic duck. 168 96


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