Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pancreas and gut hormones are involved in many endocrine and gastrointestinal diseases. Radioimmunoassays for these hormones have proved particularly valuable in diagnosis, localisation and control of treatment of endocrine tumours, of which many are mixed. An estimate based on ten years experience in a homogenous population of 5 million inhabitants (Denmark) suggests, that endocrine gut tumour-syndromes on an average appear with an incidence of 1 patient per year/syndrome/million. At present six different syndromes are known: 1) The insulinoma syndrome, 2) The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.3) The Verner-Morrison syndrome. 4) The glucagonoma syndrome. 5) The somatostatinoma syndrome, and 6) the carcinoid syndrome. Accordingly diagnostically valuable RIAs for pancreas and gut hormones include those for insulin, gastrin, VIP, HPP, glucagon, somatostatin, and presumably also substance P. It is probably safe to predict that the need for gut and pancreas hormone RIAs within the next decade will increase greatly in order to assure proper management of tumours producing gastroentero-pancreatic hormones.
 ...
PMID:Radioimmunoassay in diagnosis, localization and treatment of endocrine tumours in gut and pancreas. 22 84

Gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) and bronchial endocrine tumours have been studied by immunohistochemistry using specific antisera against a variety of hormonal and neuronal peptides. In gastrinomas numerous tumour cells were found to contain GH-like immunoreactivity. These cells were identical with those storing gastrin. Gastrinomas as a rule were extremely heterogeneous containing a variety of minority cell populations, including CCK immunoreactive cells and neurotensin immunoreactive cells. Glucagonoma cells were found to store GIP-like material in addition to glucagon. In some insulinomas calcitonin-like material was encountered in the insulin producing tumour cells. In both glucagonomas and insulinomas other pancreatic endocrine cell types constituted minority cell populations. One intestinal somatostatinoma contained gastrin cells as a minority cell population. Bronchial endocrine tumours contained scattered cells displaying ACTH-like or enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. Two such tumours in addition contained cells displaying neurophysin immunoreactivity.
 ...
PMID:Majority and minority cell populations in GEP and bronchial endocrine tumours. 22 92

A 42-year-old woman with a family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) presented with symptomatic hypoglycaemia and peptic ulceration. Investigation revealed an insulinoma, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcitoninaemia with a positive pentagastrin stimulation test, acromegaly due to a GRF-oma, hyperprolactinaemia and normal serum gastrin levels. Five pancreatic tumours were removed at laparotomy and immunostaining was positive for insulin, calcitonin, somatostatin and glucagon. Post-operatively she developed elevated serum gastrin levels and gross peptic ulceration, despite H2-blockers, and died of gastro-intestinal haemorrhage suggesting that removal of the somatostatinoma may have allowed increased gastrin secretion from a gastrinoma. This case emphasizes the importance of measuring a wide variety of tumour marker peptides in MEN 1 and suggests that caution is required in interpretation of the pentagastrin stimulation test in such cases. Patients with MEN 1 and known peptic ulceration may require perioperative omeprazole treatment even if serum gastrin levels are normal.
 ...
PMID:A case of multiple endocrine neoplasia: hyperparathyroidism, insulinoma, GRF-oma, hypercalcitoninaemia and intractable peptic ulceration. 135 65

High circulating levels of somatostatin (SRIF) were detected in a patient with a metastatic tumour after development of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Fasting insulin and C-peptide levels were markedly suppressed, but plasma glucagon was not suppressed below normal. Progressive cachexia ensued; at autopsy a poorly differentiated non-small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma metastatic to liver was found. Small gallstones were noted. Electron microscopy of tumour tissue showed neurosecretory granules and tonofilament bundles. Immunohistochemical staining of tumour cells was diffusely positive for carcinoembryonic antigen, bombesin-like immunoreactivity, and calcitonin with focal immunoreactivity for SRIF, serotonin, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, and epithelial membrane antigen. Column chromatography of plasma and tumour extract revealed five or more peaks of material with SRIF-like immunoreactivity (SRIF-LI): predominantly SRIF-28 and intermediates in tumour extract, and SRIF-14 and an intermediate between SRIF-28 and SRIF-14 in plasma, DKA in this case of somatostatinoma syndrome may reflect differential effects of tumour production of larger molecular weight SRIF forms on insulin and glucagon secretion.
 ...
PMID:Malignant somatostatinoma presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis. 282 97

A patient with a somatostatin (SRIH)-secreting islet cell tumor, whose only symptoms were dyspepsia and anemia, is described. The diagnosis of somatostatinoma was based on high plasma SRIH concentrations and immunocytochemical findings. The pancreatic exocrine response to secretin was decreased, whereas the insulin and/or glucagon responses to glucose and arginine were normal. Although the basal plasma GH concentration was normal, the plasma GH response to GHRH was subnormal. Gel permeation chromatography studies indicated that SRIH-14 was the predominant form of SRIH in plasma as well as in tumor tissue.
 ...
PMID:Somatostatin-secreting islet cell tumor (somatostatinoma): suppression of growth hormone (GH) release induced by GH-releasing hormone. 289 73

The aim of this retrospective study was to correlate the results of hormonal immunocytochemistry of 46 endocrine tumors to the corresponding clinical syndromes in 24 patients. They were divided as following: 14 cases of insulinoma, 3 cases of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 1 case of glucagonoma, 1 case of carcinoid syndrome and 5 cases without any obvious endocrine manifestations. Each tumor was tested with anti-insulin, anti-glucagon, anti-pancreatic polypeptide, anti-vasoactive intestinal peptide, anti-gastrin immune sera according to the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The presence of insulin was proved in 13 of 14 cases of insulinomas and the presence of gastrin in 2 of 3 cases of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Among the 5 asymptomatic cases, a somatostatinoma and a vipoma were individualized. More than 50 p. 100 of the tumors showed plurihormonal secretion with one predominantly secreted hormone responsible for the clinical syndrome. This study demonstrated the diversity of the hormonal secretion by some tumors and their metastasis in the same patient. Malignant insulinomas correspond either to poorly secreting tumors or to plurihormonal tumors secreting gastrin and glucagon as well.
 ...
PMID:[Hormone immunocytochemical studies of 46 endocrine tumors of the pancreas in 24 patients]. 301 9

Previous evidence has documented the hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance that occur during prolonged infusions of somatostatin and in patients with somatostatinoma. We studied glucose utilization and production and gluconeogenesis (from alanine) in a patient with the somatostatinoma syndrome (peripheral somatostatin levels 20,000 pg/ml) during saline (basal state) and glucose infusion (1.78 mg/kg . min). Plasma glucose levels increased from 163 to 229 mg/100 ml during glucose infusion, whereas lactate, free fatty acid, and glucagon levels did not change. Endogenous glucose production decreased from 7.34 to 0.0 mumol/kg . min, and the percentage of glucose derived from alanine also decreased from 10.5 to 7.4. Glucose clearance decreased from 0.81 to 0.74 cc/kg . min and suggests that the hyperglycemia of the somatostatinoma syndrome is secondary to reduced peripheral glucose utilization secondary to relative insulin deficiency.
 ...
PMID:Glucose turnover and gluconeogenesis in a patient with somatostatinoma. 611 Feb 46

Twenty pancreatic endocrine tumors and one duodenal somatostatinoma were stained with polyclonal antisera against eight hormones, neuron-specific (NSE), and with a monoclonal antibody against the endocrine granule protein chromogranin. Silver staining was performed on all tumors with the Grimelius method. All the tumors and all cells in the normal pancreatic islet showed NSE immunoreactivity. Chromogranin immunoreactivity was found predominantly in the glucagon cells of normal islets, in one glucagonoma, four gastrinomas and in 10 tumors associated with multiple hormonal production, but not in five insulinomas or in one somatostatinoma. Grimelius reactivity was identical to chromogranin immunoreactivity in all cases except that more cells in the tumors and in the normal islets were positive for chromogranin. Both chromogranin and NSE were detected in a metastasized pancreatic endocrine tumor which had metastasized to a peripancreatic lymph node. The metastatic tumor failed to stain with antisera to all eight hormones. These results indicate that chromogranin and NSE are excellent general markers for pancreatic endocrine tumors and that the Grimelius stain and other related argyrophilic reactions may involve binding to chromogranin.
 ...
PMID:Immunohistochemical detection of chromogranin and neuron-specific enolase in pancreatic endocrine neoplasms. 620 1

A 28-year-old man presented with epigastric pain and obstructive jaundice associated with a histologically and immunologically unusual variant of carcinoid tumor involving the ampulla of Vater. The tumor contained abundant psammoma bodies and exhibited immunoreactivity only for somatostatin. Immunoperoxidase studies for insulin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin, serotonin, and ACTH had negative results. In contrast to most somatostatinomas of pancreatic origin, clinically this ampullary somatostatinoma was not accompanied by features of the somatostatinoma syndrome. A literature review of the clinical and hormonal features in reported cases of gastrointestinal and pancreatic somatostatinomas is presented.
 ...
PMID:Ampullary somatostatinoma: psammomatous variant of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor--an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Report of a case and review of the literature. 631 1

An unusual tumor of the cystic duct in a 28-year-old woman is described. The patient presented with a painful distended gallbladder due to a small tumor occluding the cystic duct. Microscopically the tumor cells showed a nesting pattern suggestive of endocrine differentiation, but contained numerous lipid vacuoles and were argentaffin and argyrophil negative. Ultrastructurally, there were relatively few dense granules measuring 135 to 475 nm. Immunoperoxidase staining showed that the tumor cells contained somatostatin but did not contain immunoreactive ACTH, gastrin, calcitonin, glucagon, insulin, parathyroid hormone, or carcinoembryonic antigen. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported somatostatinoma occurring in the extrahepatic biliary tract.
 ...
PMID:Somatostatinoma of the cystic duct. 631 50


1 2 Next >>