Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are the two most serious metabolic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). These disorders can occur in both type 1 and type 2 DM. DKA is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketone body formation and metabolic acidosis. Precipitating causes are usually infection or insulin omission. Over the past 20 years, there has been no reduction in the DKA mortality rates, which remain between 3.4% and 4.6%. HHS is manifested by marked elevation of blood glucose, hyperosmolality and little or no ketosis. Precipitating causes of HHS are infection, undiagnosed diabetes and substance abuse. The mortality rates of the HHS remain high at approximately 15%. Basic common pathophysiological mechanisms in both conditions, which differ only in the magnitude of dehydration and degree of ketoacidosis, are the reduction in the effective insulin action combined with increased counterregulatory hormones (glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone). While in DKA the lack of insulin combined with increased catecholamines results in accelerated lipolysis and thus production of excess fatty acids, leading to beta-oxidation and ketogenesis, in HHS residual beta-cell function is adequate to prevent lipolysis but not hyperglycemia. The prognosis of both conditions is substantially worsened in patients > 65 years of age and in the presence of coma and hypotension. Mainstays of therapy are intravenous insulin and fluid replacement as well as the concomitant treatment of the precipitating factors. Improved patient education and implementation of measures such as home glucose and ketone monitoring might decrease the number of hospital admissions due to DKA and HHS, which are, in their majority, preventable).
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PMID:Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. 1680 31

On any given night in the United States, an estimated 553,742 people are homeless. Applying a broader definition of homelessness that includes unstably housed people, an estimated 1.5% of Americans experience homelessness in a given year. Rates of diabetes are increasing among individuals experiencing homelessness. The social, psychological, and physical challenges of homelessness not only contribute to the rate of diabetes, but also complicate management. Unstable housing, limited medical resources, food insecurity, and competing priorities are barriers to diabetes care among patients experiencing homelessness. Homeless patients with diabetes more frequently develop specific comorbidities that require special attention, such as cardiovascular disease, substance abuse, depression, and foot wounds. The Affordable Care Act gave states the option to expand Medicaid to those earning up to 138% of the federal poverty level. This addressed a gap in coverage for low-income individuals not eligible for Medicaid or employer-sponsored insurance. With increased insurance coverage, this has increased the variety of medications available to treat hyperglycemia from type 2 diabetes beyond metformin, sulfonylureas, and insulin. Several of the newer classes of medications have advantages for patients experiencing homelessness, but also have special considerations in this vulnerable patient population. This narrative review will provide a review of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide agonists, sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, and thiazolidinediones in individuals experiencing homelessness.
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PMID:Diabetes Care for Patients Experiencing Homelessness: Beyond Metformin and Sulfonylureas. 3047 22