Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To examine the release of insulin in response to oral glucose, intravenous glucagon and intravenous arginine, we measured the levels of plasma glucose, immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) and C-peptide levels on fasting and following an oral glucose loading (OGTT), intravenous glucagon (GON) and arginine (ARG) infusion test in nine newly diagnosed non-insulin dependent diabetics. Their ages ranged from 38 to 65. The fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were 240 +/- 14 mg/dl (Mean +/- SEM) and 10.7 +/- 0.54%, respectively. Mean values of the peak C-peptide/fasting C-peptide ratio and peak IRI/fasting IRI ratio were significantly increased, as compared with the basal level (P < 0.05), but not significantly different from those of the OGTT, GON and ARG test. In conclusion, the effect of arginine-induced insulin secretion in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is as good as those of glucose or glucagon.
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PMID:Arginine induced insulin release in patients with newly onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 133 Feb 42

Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM) show augmented GH secretion, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of microvascular complications. On the other hand, it is well known that beta-adrenergic receptors have inhibitory influence on GH secretion, likely via stimulation of hypothalamic somatostatin. Since the possibility of pharmacological suppression of GH secretion would be of value in IDDM, we investigated the effect of salbutamol (SAL, 4 mg orally at -60 min) on the GH response to GHRH (1 micrograms/kg iv at 0 min) in 6 well-controlled (mean HbA1c +/- SEM: 7.3 +/- 0.5%) patients with IDDM. Salbutamol was able to inhibit basal GH levels (p < 0.05) as well as to abolish the GHRH-induced GH rise. After SAL administration, a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of glucagon levels was also found. Our data show that the enhancement of beta 2 adrenergic activity by oral therapeutical doses of SAL inhibits basal and GHRH-stimulated GH secretion in patients with IDDM.
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PMID:Inhibition by salbutamol of GHRH-induced GH release in type 1 diabetes mellitus. 133 41

Immunocytochemical application of the antimuscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibody M35 to pancreas tissue revealed the target areas for the parasympathetic nervous system. Immunoreactivity in the endocrine pancreas was much higher than that in the exocrine part. Moreover, the endocrine cells at the periphery of the islets of Langerhans displayed the highest level of immunoreactivity. Based on these findings in the mantle of the islets, two types of islets have been distinguished: type-I islets with intensely stained mantle cells, and type-II islets with a much lower concentration of these cells. On average, type-I islets were larger (244.8 microns +/- 6.1 SEM) than type-II islets (121.5 microns +/- 3.8 SEM). M35-immunoreactivity was present on the majority of D cells, which were characterized by their immunoreactivity to somatostatin [of 446 D cells 356 (79.8%) were M35-immunopositive]. However, only a small proportion of the intensely stained mantle cells belonged to the D cell population. Therefore, it is concluded that the majority of the intensely stained mantle cells represent glucagon-secreting A and/or pancreatic polypeptide-secreting F cells. The intensity of M35-immunoreactivity at the periphery and central core of the islets paralleled the density of cholinergic innervation, suggesting a positive correlation between the intensity of cholinergic transmission and the number of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors at the target structures. The present study further revealed some striking parallels for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor characteristics between the (endocrine) pancreas and the central nervous system.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the rat endocrine pancreas. 135 50

The levels of several regulatory peptides were measured in peripheral plasma samples from individuals with chronic cardiac failure (CCF) and matched controls in both the resting state and during a short period of maximal exercise. Basal levels of noradrenaline (NA; 705 +/- 114 vs 195 +/- 54 ng.l-1; mean +/- SEM; P < 0.05), plasma renin activity (PRA; 12.9 +/- 2.9 vs 2.1 +/- 0.3 ng AI ml-1.h-1; P < 0.05) and aldosterone (ALDO; 325 +/- 49 vs 87 +/- 8 ng.l-1; P < 0.05) were all raised in the patients with CCF, and increased further with exercise. Basal circulating levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were also significantly higher in the CCF group compared to controls (136 +/- 35 vs 27 +/- 5 ng.l-1; P < 0.01), but the response to exercise was attenuated, so that at peak exercise, no significant difference was observed. Basal circulating levels of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) (29 +/- 4 vs 40 +/- 4 ng.l-1; P < 0.05) and secretin (13 +/- 1 vs 32 +/- 4 ng.l-1; P < 0.05) were significantly lower in the CCF group when compared to controls and there was no significant change in the levels of either peptide with exercise. Levels of neurokinin A (NKA), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and neurotensin (NT) were somewhat higher in patients, but the differences were not significant, and there were no changes during exercise. There were also no significant differences in the levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), insulin or glucagon in either experimental group both before and during exercise. We have therefore identified different circulating levels of certain regulatory peptides in patients with CCF, but the significance of these remains unclear.
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PMID:Regulatory peptides in the plasma of patients with chronic cardiac failure at rest and during exercise. 139 15

In normal subjects, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) acutely increase in response to infusion of amino acids and to low doses of dopamine. It is uncertain whether circulatory growth hormone (GH) is a permissive factor for these stimulatory effects. GFR and ERPF (constant infusion technique using 125I-iothalamate and 131I-hippuran, respectively) were measured before and during the infusion of dopamine and amino acids in 8 GH deficient subjects. The clearance study was repeated during concomitant administration of octreotide to investigate whether this somatostatin analogue would modify the amino acid and dopamine-induced renal haemodynamic changes. Dopamine increased baseline GFR from 89 +/- 3 (mean +/- SEM, n = 8) to 102 +/- 4 ml min-1 1.73 m-2 and ERPF from 352 +/- 19 to 476 +/- 26 ml min-1 1.73 m-2, P less than 0.001 for both. During amino acid infusion GFR and ERPF increased to 108 +/- 3 and 415 +/- 23 ml min-1 1.73 m-2, respectively, P less than 0.001 for both. Octreotide did not significantly decrease baseline and dopamine-stimulated renal haemodynamics but lowered the amino acid-stimulated GFR (98 +/- 4 ml min-1 1.73 m-2, P less than 0.05) and ERPF (381 +/- 18 ml min-1 1.73 m-2, P less than 0.05). Basal plasma glucagon concentrations were not suppressed by octreotide, whereas the amino acid-induced increments in plasma glucagon were partially inhibited. It is concluded that GH is not a necessary factor for the stimulatory effects of amino acids and dopamine on renal haemodynamics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Renal reserve filtration capacity in growth hormone deficient subjects. 142 63

We studied the natural course of disease in spontaneously diabetic rats, Long Evans Tokushima Lean (LETL) rats, to determine whether it showed similar pathogenetic heterogeneity to that of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) with regard to the relationships between age at onset, rapidity of disease progress, and degree of beta-cell function at the time of its manifestation. Type 1 diabetes developed in 35 rats (6.3%) between 40 and 140 days of age. Eight rats that became diabetic at age 69 days or less were more severely ketotic at the time of first detection of glycosuria and showed more rapid deterioration than seven rats that became diabetic later after birth (mean plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate levels, 4,707 +/- 1,215 pmol/L v 1,390 +/- 859 pmol/L; mean +/- SEM, P < .01). The mean plasma levels and pancreatic content of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) of the early onset rats, 47 +/- 13 pmol/L and 19 +/- 12 pmol/g tissue weight, were significantly lower (P < .01) than the corresponding values of the late-onset rats, 262 +/- 52 pmol/L and 348 +/- 87 pmol/g tissue weight, respectively. Both values were markedly lower than the mean values of 25 nondiabetic LETL rats, 976 +/- 122 pmol/L and 3,488 +/- 628 pmol/g tissue weight. Plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) levels were significantly increased in the diabetic groups (early onset, 57 +/- 13 pmol/L; late-onset, 51 +/- 12 pmol/L; nondiabetic, 18 +/- 1 pmol/L; P < .01). These changes in pancreatic hormone levels of the early onset and late-onset rats were compatible with the histological features of their pancreatic islets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Correlation between residual beta-cell function and age at onset of spontaneous diabetes in Long Evans Tokushima lean rats. 146 Nov 46

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chronic hyperglycaemia on the pancreatic B-cell response to stimulation with a standard mixed meal or intravenous glucagon in 7 subjects with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes. Stimulation was performed at mean chronic fasting hyperglycaemia of 11.8 +/- 0.7 (SEM) mmol l-1 and at normoglycaemia obtained by an intravenous infusion of regular insulin followed by an insulin wash-out period. The incremental plasma C-peptide area under the curve after stimulation with the meal was similar at normo- and hyperglycaemia. In contrast, prestimulatory plasma C-peptide and the incremental plasma C-peptide area under the curve after stimulation with glucagon were significantly higher at chronic hyperglycaemia than at normoglycaemia (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05). In conclusion, chronic hyperglycaemia as seen in newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes is associated with a complete lack of potentiation of postprandial islet B-cell secretion but a partly preserved potentiation of basal and post-glucagon islet B-cell secretion.
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PMID:The effect of chronic hyperglycaemia on the islet B-cell responsiveness in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. 151 64

Although insulin-like growth factor I increases renal function, the renal haemodynamic abnormality underlying the glomerular hyperfiltration in acromegaly is unknown. In normal subjects, amino acids and low doses of dopamine increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), presumably by a predominant vasodilation of the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles, respectively. We studied baseline GFR and ERPF (determined with 125I-iothalamate and 131I-hippuran, respectively), the renal stimulatory effects of amino acid and dopamine infusion, and albuminuria before and after 3 months octreotide treatment in seven acromegalic patients with metabolically active disease. Octreotide reduced growth hormone concentrations from 14.7 +/- 3.0 to 5.5 +/- 1.0 micrograms l-1 (mean +/- SEM, n = 7; P less than 0.001) and insulin-like growth factor I levels from 4.12 +/- 1.31 to 2.44 +/- 0.68 kU l-1 (P less than 0.02). Glucagon concentrations did not change. Baseline GFR and ERPF declined from 132 +/- 5 to 117 +/- 6 and from 547 +/- 32 to 478 +/- 31 ml min-1 1.73 m-2, respectively (P less than 0.05 for both). Initially the response to amino acids was impaired (increment in GFR: 4.8 +/- 6.0%, NS; ERPF: -1.5 +/- 6.8%, NS), whereas the response to dopamine was normal (GFR: 10.6 +/- 1.1%, P less than 0.05: ERPF: 33.2 +/- 3.1%, P less than 0.01). After octreotide, amino acid infusion increased GFR by 15.0 +/- 6.8% (P less than 0.02) and ERPF by 11.3 +/- 5.6% (P less than 0.02), while the dopamine response was unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of a somatostatin analogue, octreotide, on renal haemodynamics and albuminuria in acromegalic patients. 151 98

We measured circulating levels of C-peptide, pancreatic glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone and metabolites (glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate) in fibro-calculous-pancreatic diabetic (FCPD, n = 28), insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM, n = 28) and non-diabetic control (n = 27) subjects during an oral glucose tolerance test. There was no difference in the two diabetic groups in age (FCPD 24 +/- 2, IDDM 21 +/- 2 years, mean +/- SEM), BMI (FCPD 16.0 +/- 0.6, IDDM 15.7 +/- 0.4 kg/m2), triceps skinfold thickness (FCPD 8 +/- 1, IDDM 7 +/- 1 mm), glycaemic status (fasting plasma glucose, FCPD 12.5 +/- 1.5, IDDM 14.5 +/- 1.2 mmol/l), fasting plasma C-peptide (FCPD 0.13 +/- 0.03, IDDM 0.08 +/- 0.01 nmol/l), peak plasma C-peptide during OGTT (FCPD 0.36 +/- 0.10, IDDM 0.08 +/- 0.03 nmol/l) and fasting plasma glucagon (FCPD 35 +/- 4, IDDM 37 +/- 4 ng/l). FCPD patients, however, showed lower circulating concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (0.73 +/- 0.11 mmol/l), glycerol (0.11 +/- 0.02 mmol/l) and 3-hydroxybutyrate (0.15 +/- 0.03 mmol/l) compared to IDDM patients (1.13 +/- 0.14, 0.25 +/- 0.05 and 0.29 +/- 0.08 mmol/l, respectively). This could be due to enhanced sensitivity of adipose tissue lipolysis to the suppressive action of circulating insulin and possibly also to insensitivity of hepatic ketogenesis to glucagon. Our results also demonstrate preservation of alpha-cell function in FCPD patients when beta-cell function is severely diminished, suggesting a more selective beta-cell dysfunction or destruction than hitherto believed.
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PMID:The ketosis-resistance in fibro-calculous-pancreatic-diabetes. 1. Clinical observations and endocrine-metabolic measurements during oral glucose tolerance test. 156 31

The plasma concentrations of seven gut regulatory peptides were measured in 11 infants suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Samples were taken at the time of the acute illness, upon reintroduction of feeding, and three months after recovery. These results were compared with controls. In the infants with diarrhoea, a massive increase in the fasting plasma mean (SEM) concentrations of enteroglucagon was found at the time of illness (1292 (312) v 79 (27) pmol/l), with concentrations of pancreatic glucagon, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, and motilin also being increased (17.8 (3.1) v 6.3 (1.1) pmol/l, 114.6 (15.2) v 37.0 (11.0) pmol/l, 217.6 (44.1) v 98.5 (18.3 pmol/l) respectively). The preprandial concentrations of motilin were found to be still increased at recovery (183.9 (35.4) pmol/l), but the concentrations of the other three peptides had returned to normal values. No differences in plasma concentrations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neurotensin, or pancreatic polypeptide were found. An increased intestinal permeability was demonstrated at the time of diarrhoea by the urinary ratio of lactulose to mannitol, suggesting simultaneous gut damage. The effects of regulatory peptides may be relevant to the pathophysiology of gastroenteritis in infants.
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PMID:Gut regulatory peptides and intestinal permeability in acute infantile gastroenteritis. 157 47


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