Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 53-year-old white woman developed diabetes mellitus, migratory erythema, and anemia, clinical features suggesting the presence of a "glucagonoma." Ten years earlier, after laparotomy and pancreatic biopsy, she had been told that she had an inoperable pancreatic carcinoma. Review of that biopsy together with current hormonal assay now confirms the diagnosis of glucagonoma. The recurrent peptic ulcer in this patient despite high levels of glucagon, a gastric inhibitory agent, is noted but not explained. An enhanced amylase-creatinine clearance ratio supports the notion that glucagon increases the clearances of amylase.
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PMID:Glucagonoma, chronic recurrent peptic ulcer disease, and enhanced amylase-creatinine clearance ratio. Report of a case with review of the literature. 9 10

Gastric acid secretion by the parietal cell is a single digestive process involving a continuous interplay between nervous and hormonal stimuli. Gastric acid hypersecretion and hypergastrinemia may represent pathologic disturbance of the normal "gastric phase" of acid secretion (excluded antrum syndrome) or abnormal gastrin secretion from a nongastric source as in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Diagnosis of these two syndromes preoperatively is dependent on immunoassay for serum gastrin. A fall in serum gastrin level after the injection of secretin will distinguish the excluded antrum syndrome from the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Which hormone or hormones cause the acid hyposecretion of the watery diarrhea hypokalemia achlorhydria syndrome is still uncertain. Potential candidates include secretin, glucagon (alone or combined with gastrin), vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Secretin has undergone trials as therapy in peptic ulcer whereas glucagon is under investigation for the treatment of acute pancreatitis because of its dual actions as (1) an enterogastrone and (2) an inhibitor of pancreatic secretion.
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PMID:Current concepts on physiological control of gastric acid secretion. Clinical applications. 23 80

A 45-year-old man was operated for surgical treatment of a long-standing peptic ulcer disease and upon inspection of the pancreas for suspected Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, tumor nodules were found in this organ. The tumor tissue examined by immunofluorescence showed specific staining only after incubation with anti-pancreatic polypeptide. Negative results were obtained with antisera directed against insulin, pancreatic glucagon, somatostatin, GLI, VIP, secretin, and gastrin. Examination of the tissue by electron microscopy revealed a homogeneous population of small granule-containing cells. This case, therefore, illustrates a tumor composed of one single hormone-producing cell type and allows definition of the ultrastructural features of human pancreatic polypeptide-containing cells.
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PMID:Human islet cell tumor storing pancreatic polypeptide: a light and electron microscopic study. 37 22

The dynamics of hormonal secretion was studied in relation with the development of an ulcer defect in rats with acetate-induced gastroduodenal ulcer after Okabe. The formation of the ulcer was accompanied by increased gastrin, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, and histamine secretion and reduced glucose tolerance. The level of intragastric pH reduced, the activity of proteolytic enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract increased. Correlation analysis bore evidence for the contribution of gastroenteropancreatic hormones to the compensatory-adaptational responses, whereas with a higher blood cortisol level the surface of the ulcer defect was larger. Oral mineral water (Essentuki No. 17) promoted the secretion of gastrin, glucagon, and insulin and the experimental ulcers grew smaller in this case. The involvement of the hormonal factors in the mechanisms of the development of experimental acetate-induced ulcer is discussed.
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PMID:[Hormonal mechanisms of pathogenesis and cure of experimental gastroduodenal ulcer by the Okabe technique]. 148 Apr 22

Insulin, glucagon and C-peptide content in the blood was assayed with the use of commercial radioimmune kits (Diagnostic, USA, and Oris, France). A total of 93 peptic ulcer patients (35 with duodenal peptic ulcer, 28 with gastric ulcer, 16 after Billroth-I resection, and 14 after Billroth-II resection) and 25 patients with chronic gastritis attended by secretory insufficiency were investigated. The study was conducted on empty stomach and after a test breakfast containing 57 g of protein, 63 g of fat, 103 g of carbohydrates that comprised 1212 kcal. The highest changes in hormone incretion were recorded in patients with peptic ulcer disease after Billroth-I and Billroth-II resection, the lowest--in patients with chronic gastritis attended by secretory insufficiency.
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PMID:[Effect of food on blood levels of insulin, glucagon and C-peptide in gastroduodenal pathology]. 162 73

Biphasic contrast studies are generally advocated as the best current barium examination for the upper GI tract. Two recent prospective blinded trials compared the diagnostic results of a biphasic contrast examination--employing a medium-density barium suspension and glucagon--and endoscopy. Both methods appear to have nearly equal merit for the detection of peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma. One of the trials demonstrated a relative inability of the barium examination to depict reflux esophagitis other than the severe variety, an inability that had been previously recognized. Earlier Japanese studies showed excellent results from biphasic studies in the detection of early and advanced gastric carcinoma. Because gastric carcinoma may present as a wide variety of lesions, ranging from minute alterations in mucosal relief through ulcers to masses, the values from these Japanese studies also test the sensitivity and specificity of the radiographic examination in demonstrating non-neoplastic lesions of the stomach. Ample data have shown that a radiographic examination compares favorably with endoscopy in the detection of esophageal carcinoma. The usefulness of a radiographic examination as a primary examination if disturbances of esophageal motor function are suspected is generally recognized. A state-of-the-art radiographic examination (ie, a biphasic examination, preferably with drug-induced hypotony) therefore appears to represent an appropriate initial examination in evaluation of most disorders of the upper GI tract. If this examination prompts the slightest suspicion of a malignant tumor, endoscopy should follow for the purpose of obtaining biopsy specimens. Endoscopy is not necessary if duodenal ulcers have been diagnosed by means of radiography; in typically benign gastric ulcers, radiographic follow-up without endoscopy may safely be considered. If in elderly patients multiple small gastric polyps have been detected, endoscopy is not needed. If complaints persist after negative results at radiographic examination, however, endoscopic intervention must be considered. If the complaints suggest reflux esophagitis, the clinician can choose between treatment and endoscopy. In a patient with acute upper GI bleeding, primary endoscopy may be preferred. This diagnostic approach in which endoscopy is employed as complementary to the barium examination is in most parts of the world a cost-effective one. It is also the safest possible option; although endoscopic complications are rare, their absolute number cannot be ignored if every patient had to undergo endoscopy. A biphasic approach with a medium-density barium suspension can be attempted in nearly every patient; if the patient proves unable to cooperate for an optimal double-contrast examination, a single-contrast examination can be performed with the same barium swallowed.
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PMID:Use of barium in evaluation of disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract: current status. 268 69

Since in vivo pancreatic glucagon inhibits gastric acid secretion it was of interest to test its direct effect on human parietal cell function in vitro by measuring adenylate cyclase (AC) activity and H+ production. Cells were isolated from human gastric mucosa obtained at surgery for peptic ulcer. In enriched (75%) parietal cells glucagon and histamine stimulated AC much more effectively than in the parietal cell depleted (15%, 7%) fractions. In contrast basal and histamine-stimulated [14C] aminopyrine uptake, an indirect measure of parietal cell H+ production, was not affected by glucagon. In homogenates of mucosal biopsy specimens 2 X 10(-7) mol/l glucagon enhanced AC activity by 76% (corpus) and 20% (antrum), respectively; in the same homogenates 10(-4) mol/l histamine caused a stimulation by 161% (corpus) and 38% (antrum). In fundic biopsy specimens glucagon displayed a biphasic concentration response curve with an increase at 10(-10) mol/l (46% above basal AC activity) and a maximum at 2 X 10(-7) mol/l (97%); histamine elicited the maximal response (192%) at 10(-3) mol/l. Histamine (10(-5), 10(-4), 10(-3) mol/l) and glucagon (10(-10) to 10(-6) mol/l) caused additive stimulation of AC. Ranitidine did not change AC in response to glucagon but abolished the effect of histamine. Our data demonstrate that glucagon stimulates an AC bound to the parietal cells. This response is not blocked by ranitidine suggesting that the glucagon action is mediated by a separate receptor, possibly by a glucagon-receptor. Furthermore we have shown that glucagon in contrast to its effects on AC does not affect H+ production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of glucagon and histamine on human parietal cells. 372 3

In 1966, during cholecystectomy for cholecystolithiasis, a 56-year-old man was found to have islet-cell carcinoma metastatic to the liver; his fasting serum glucose level was normal. In 1971, he developed peptic ulcer disease and symptoms of fasting hypoglycemia; inappropriate secretion of insulin was shown. His primary pancreatic tumor was removed in 1973. During the next 9 years, his liver metastases continued to grow and his fasting serum glucose level was maintained at 35 to 116 mg/dL with diazoxide and hydrochlorothiazide therapy. In 1982, he developed clinical evidence of the glucagonoma syndrome, with glucagon levels between 4000 and 11 000 pg/mL. Since then, his fasting serum glucose level has been maintained at 58 to 119 mg/dL without medication. This patient has survived 17 years with a malignant insulinoma and without islet-cell chemotherapy. His course shows that malignant insulinomas may secrete other peptide hormones that can induce various clinical syndromes.
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PMID:Metastatic insulinoma with long survival and glucagonoma syndrome. 631 34

Examination of 84 patients with peptic ulcer of the duodenum demonstrated that the majority of patients had alterations in carbohydrate metabolism manifested by fasting hypoglycemia, slow increase in glucose and hyperglycemia at the 180th minute during making the glucose tolerance test. The level of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) was discovered to range within wide limits, namely from low basal secretion to hyperinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia at the end of examination with the use of the glucose and insulin tolerance tests. During making the glucose tolerance test, the changes in IRG concentration were more demonstrable. The changes in hormone secretion were recorded if the disease lasted long and did not depend on the stage of the process. IRI and IRG secretion was determined by both the glycemia level and concentration of the hormones themselves, by their mutually correlating influence and was aimed at the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in patients presenting with peptic ulcer of the duodenum.
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PMID:[Incretory function of the pancreas and carbohydrate metabolism in patients with peptic ulcer of the duodenum]. 638 8

Experimental studies were carried out to investigate the effect of various biliary tract reconstructions upon the secretion of gastric acid and gastrointestinal hormones. Jejunal interposition cholecystoduodenostomy with a short jejunal segment (Group-I), jejunal interposition cholecystoduodenostomy with a long jejunal segment (Group-II), and Roux-en-Y cholecystojejunostomy (Group-III) were constructed in seventeen Heidenhain pouch dogs. Peptic ulcer was only observed in 2 out of 7 dogs of Group-III. Although food-stimulated gastric acid output did not differ significantly in all the groups, the amount of gastric acid reached a peak much later and remained elevated in Group-III compared with that in other groups. The changes in plasma gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide and total glucagon are regarded to be affected by the length of the jejunum excluded from the stream of chyme and the direct contact of the jejunum with bile. It is concluded that the pattern of acid secretion is more important than its volume for the mechanism of peptic ulceration in Roux-en-Y cholecystojejunostomy.
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PMID:[Effect of various reconstructions of biliary tract upon secretion of gastric acid and gastrointestinal hormones in dogs]. 642 36


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