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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Blood glucose and plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations were determined in full-term rats delivered by cesarean section and exposed to 37 degrees C. or 24 degrees C. environmental temperature during the first hours of extrauterine life. When newborn rats were maintained at thermal neutrality (37 degrees C.), a transient period of hypoglycemia of two hours occurred, associated with a rapid fall in plasma insulin and a rise in plasma glucagon concentrations. During cold exposure (24 degrees C.), the blood glucose level remained stable over the four hours studied; the decrease of plasma insulin was sluggish while the rise of plasma glucagon was unchanged. In newborn rats maintained at 37 degrees C., an intraperitoneal glucose load one hour after delivery produced a marked rise in blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations one hour later. The distribution of experimental points suggested a sigmoidal dose-response curve. By contrast in newborn rats kept at room temperature (24 degrees C.) the same glucose load did not induce any increase in plasma insulin in spite of hyperglycemia. However, phentolamine resulted in pronounced plasma insulin rise in hypothermic newborns in response to glucose administration. From these observations it is concluded that the in-vivo unresponsiveness of the beta cells to glucose at birth, reported by others, is mainly due to the experimental conditions.
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PMID:Effect of environmental temperature on glucose-induced insulin response in the newborn rat. 99 23

Glucagon was effective in decreasing acute gastric mucosal lesions, blood loss and gastric acid secretion in the cold restraint stressed rat.
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PMID:Prevention by glucagon of experimental stress induced hemorrhagic gastritis. 108 Jul 18

In 149 cases, blood pressure response to glucagon test did not exceed 20/10 mm Hg more than the response in the cold pressor test control and was considered negative. Plasma catecholamine level increases may be seen in 95% of patients without pheochromocytomas. Among six patients with pheochromocytomas, urinary metanephrine levels were of diagnostic importance in two with isolated pheochromocytoma and in one with the multiple endocrine neoplasia of type 2 (MEN-type 2). Urinary metanephrine determinations yielded false-negative results in three patients with MEN-type 2, while vanilmandelic acid level was normal in one and nephrotomograms were positive in two of these three. These results suggest that the early diagnosis of pheochromocytoma in patients with MEN-type 2 may be difficult and may require multiple biochemical and roentgenographic investigations.
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PMID:Glucagon-blood catecholamine test: use in isolated and familial pheochromocytoma. 116 24

In vivo effect of glucagon on blood-free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was investigated in rats adapted to 25 degree C and to 5 degree C. Intraperitoneal injection of glucagon in 100 or 25 mug/100 g body weight doses was followed by a triphasic response in blood FFA concentration: an immediate and marked rise at 5 min, a secondary depression at 60 min and a final rise at 120 to 240 min after the injectionss. For the 12.5 and 6.25 mug/100 g body weight injections, an initial increment was significantly lowered and no elevation at 240 min was observed. Concomitant elevations of blood glucose concentration were shown 5 min after glucagon injection of 100, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 mug/100 g body weight doses and their extents were not significantly different each other between these doses. However, rise in blood glucose level at 60 min was not seen at the 12.5 and 6.25 mug/100 g body weight doses. Blood lactate concentrations did not show any significant variations by the injections of glucagon. In fasting rats, glucagon at the 100 mug/100 g body weight dose caused similar increase in blood FFA as that in fed ones. In fed cold-adapted rats at 5 degree C glucagon at the dose of 100 mug/100 g body weight brought about similar effects in elevation of blood FFA level and its time-course as those in fed rats adapted to 25 degree C. However, under fasting condition cold-adapted animals exhibited greater increment in blood FFA level at 5 min than those adapted to 25 degree C, while an elevation of blood FFA at 240 min was not observed in the former animals. These results indicate for the first time an in vivo lipolytic action of glucagon in rats and further suggest an enhanced sensitivity to lipolytic action of glucagon in cold adaptation.
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PMID:In vivo lipolytic effect of glucagon in warm-adapted and cold-adapted rats. 117 71

Cold acclimatization in rats at 5 degrees C for 2 weeks caused a significant elevation of plasma glucagon concentration, accompanied by increased plasma FFA and glucose levels. Acute cold exposure at 5 degrees C for 5 or 60 min did not affect these parameters in plasma.
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PMID:Is glucagon involved in cold acclimatization? 126 50

1. The histochemical characteristics of gastrocnemius muscle were investigated in 6-week-old cold-acclimated (5 weeks, 4 degrees C) and glucagon-treated (5 weeks, 25 degrees C, 103 nmol/kg I.P. twice daily) muscovy ducklings, two groups able to develop non-shivering thermogenesis in vivo. A comparison was made with thermoneutral controls (25 degrees C) of the same age. All animals were fed ad libitum. Fibre type, fibre area and capillary supply have been studied. Further, a quantitative histochemical method for mitochondrial Mg(2+)-ATPase activity was developed to characterize the mitochondrial coupling state in situ. 2. White gastrocnemius was composed of fast glycolytic (FG) and fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibres, while red gastrocnemius contained FOG and slow oxidative (SO) fibres. In white gastrocnemius, the proportion of FG fibres was higher in glucagon-treated than in control or cold-acclimated ducklings. In red gastrocnemius, the proportion of SO fibres was higher in both cold-acclimated and glucagon-treated ducklings than in controls. The area of all fibres was generally lower in glucagon-treated than in other ducklings. 3. The capillary density was higher in both red and white components of the gastrocnemius muscle in cold-acclimated and glucagon-treated than in control ducklings, as a result of an increased number of capillaries around each fibre. 4. In all fibres, except the FG type in cold-acclimated ducklings, the staining intensity of the Mg(2+)-ATPase reaction was higher in cold-acclimated and glucagon-treated than in control ducklings whereas the staining intensity with maximal decoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by dinitrophenol was unchanged. This indicated a more loose-coupled state of mitochondria in situ in all fibres of cold-acclimated ducklings, and in FOG fibres of white gastrocnemius and SO fibres of red gastrocnemius in glucagon-treated ducklings. 5. These results indicated a higher oxidative metabolism of skeletal muscle in both cold-acclimated and glucagon-treated than in control ducklings, and for most of the parameters studied, a similarity between cold acclimation and glucagon treatment. Because of the higher loose-coupled state of muscle mitochondria in cold-acclimated and glucagon-treated than in control ducklings, the higher oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle in these ducklings could be used for heat production rather than ATP synthesis and account for muscular non-shivering thermogenesis.
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PMID:Histochemical arguments for muscular non-shivering thermogenesis in muscovy ducklings. 129 35

Repetitive intermittent stress such as immobilization has been shown to induce an improved cold tolerance through an enhanced capacity of nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), causing positive cross adaptation between nonthermal stress and cold. In the present study, effect of 3-h-daily immobilization stress for 4-5 weeks was investigated on in vitro and in vivo thermogenesis of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT). In vitro thermogenesis was measured in the minced tissue blocks incubated in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer with glucose and albumin at 37 degrees C, using a Clark-type oxygen electrode. The stressed rats showed less body weight gain during the experiment. The BAT weight, its protein and DNA contents were significantly greater in the stressed rats. Basal, noradrenaline- and glucagon-stimulated oxygen consumptions were significantly greater in the stressed rats. In vivo thermogenesis was assessed by the changes of temperatures in colon (Tcol), BAT (TBAT), and tail skin (Tsk) induced by noradrenaline or glucagon infusion in the anesthetized rats. Noradrenaline and glucagon increased the TBAT and the extent of increase was greater in the stressed rats. These results indicate that cross adaptation between nonthermal stress and cold may be mediated through an enhanced thermogenic activity of BAT.
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PMID:Effect of immobilization stress on in vitro and in vivo thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue. 143 95

Repetitive intermittent immobilization stress has been shown to induce an improved cold tolerance through an enhanced capacity of nonshivering thermogenesis (NST). In the present study, effects of immobilization (3 hrs daily for 4-5 weeks), exercise training (running with treadmill 30 min daily, 30 m/min under 8 degrees inclination for 4-5 weeks) and chronic corticosterone treatment (subcutaneous injection at a dose of 0.3 mg/100 g for 4-5 weeks) were investigated on in vitro and/or in vivo thermogenesis of rat interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT). BAT thermogenesis in vitro was measured in the minced tissue blocks in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer using a Clark type oxygen electrode. DNA content per whole BAT pad was greater in the stressed rats, while it was not affected by exercise training and corticosterone. Noradrenaline-and glucagon-stimulated oxygen consumptions were significantly greater in the stressed rats, while significantly smaller in the trained rats as compared with respective controls. Corticosterone treatment failed to affect those values in terms with both per mg tissue and per whole tissue pad, except the less noradrenaline-stimulated oxygen consumption in terms with per mg tissue and DNA. In vivo thermogenesis was assessed by the changes of temperatures in colon (Tcol), BAT (TBAT) and tail skin (Tsk) induced by noradrenaline or glucagon infusion under anesthesia Noradrenaline and glucagon increased the TBAT and the extent of increase was greater in the stressed rats. These results indicated: 1. Repetitive immobilization stress induces the tissue hyperplasia and enhances thermogenic activity of BAT. 2. Exercise training suppresses BAT thermogenesis. 3. Chronic corticosterone administration does not affect BAT thermogenesis. It may be concluded that the enhancing or suppressing effect of nonthermal stress on BAT thermogenesis is due to other factor(s) than corticosterone.
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PMID:[Effects of nonthermal stresses on brown adipose tissue thermogenesis]. 151 57

The in vitro brown adipose tissue (BAT) oxygen consumption stimulated by noradrenaline (NA) or glucagon (G) was significantly lower in chronically NA-treated rats and that of G-treated rats did not differ as compared with that of vehicle-treated control animals. In vitro thermogenic response of BAT in NA-treated rats was consistent with that induced by cold acclimation.
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PMID:Effects of chronic administration of noradrenaline and glucagon on in vitro brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. 162 78

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a major site of nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) during cold acclimation for most mammals. Repetitive nonthermal stress such as immobilization has been shown to enhance the capacity of NST as cold acclimation. In the present study, the effects of running training, another type of nonthermal stress, were investigated on in vitro thermogenesis and the cellularity of interscapular BAT in rats. The rats were subjected to treadmill running for 30 min daily at 30m/min under 8 degrees inclination for 4-5 weeks. In vitro thermogenesis was then measured in minced tissue blocks incubated in a Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer containing glucose and albumin at 37 degrees C, using a Clark type oxygen electrode. The trained rats showed less body weight gain during the experiment. The weights of BAT and epididymal white adipose tissue were smaller in the trained rats. Noradrenaline- and glucagon-stimulated oxygen consumption were also significantly smaller in the trained rats. The tissue DNA level was greater in the trained rats, but the DNA content per tissue pad did not significantly differ. The results indicate that running training reduces BAT thermogenesis, possibly as an adaptation to conserve energy substrates for physical work.
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PMID:Effects of running training on in vitro brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in rats. 163 84


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