Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 46-year-old man had a 7-year history of severe rash, which was then diagnosed as necrolytic migratory erythema. He had a weight loss of 6 kg, abnormal glucose tolerance test findings, anemia, glossitis, hair loss, and hypoproteinemia. Plasma amino acids levels were significantly decreased, and the fasting plasma glucagon (IRG) level was high at 5000 to 8000 pg/ml. Circulating IRG significantly increased after oral glucose loading, meal ingestion, and arginine infusion, and decreased with somatostatin infusion and insulin-induced hypoglycemia. No other gut or pancreatic hormone levels in plasma were elevated. Plasma IRG was eluted by gel-filtration, mainly in the position of true glucagon (MW 3500) by antiserum 30K. The rash was markedly improved after infusion of amino acids. Computerized tomography (CT) scan and celiac angiography revealed a large pancreatic tumor with multiple liver and lymph node metastases. The pancreatic tumor was totally resected, and was identified as glucagonoma by immunohistochemical technique. Since the plasma IRG levels remained high after surgery, the patient received dimethyltriazenoimidazole carboxamide therapy. After several courses of this treatment, plasma IRG levels decreased to 1000 to 2000 pg/ml, and the hepatic metastases were remarkably diminished in size.
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PMID:A functional study of a case of glucagonoma exhibiting typical glucagonoma syndrome. 286 23

A patient with a somatostatin (SRIH)-secreting islet cell tumor, whose only symptoms were dyspepsia and anemia, is described. The diagnosis of somatostatinoma was based on high plasma SRIH concentrations and immunocytochemical findings. The pancreatic exocrine response to secretin was decreased, whereas the insulin and/or glucagon responses to glucose and arginine were normal. Although the basal plasma GH concentration was normal, the plasma GH response to GHRH was subnormal. Gel permeation chromatography studies indicated that SRIH-14 was the predominant form of SRIH in plasma as well as in tumor tissue.
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PMID:Somatostatin-secreting islet cell tumor (somatostatinoma): suppression of growth hormone (GH) release induced by GH-releasing hormone. 289 73

We wished to determine the effect of a 25% hematocrit reduction on glucoregulatory hormone release and glucose fluxes during exercise. In five anemic dogs, plasma glucose fell by 21 mg/dl and in five controls by 7 mg/dl by the end of the 90-min exercise period. After 50 min of exercise, hepatic glucose production (Ra) and glucose metabolic clearance rate (MCR) began to rise disproportionately in anemics compared with controls. By the end of exercise, the increase in Ra was almost threefold higher (delta 15.1 +/- 3.4 vs. delta 5.2 +/- 1.3 mg X kg-1 X min-1) and MCR nearly fourfold (delta 24.6 +/- 8.8 vs. delta 6.5 +/- 1.3 ml X kg-1 X min-1). Exercise with anemia, in relation to controls resulted in elevated levels of glucagon [immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) delta 1,283 +/- 507 vs delta 514 +/- 99 pg/ml], norepinephrine (delta 1,592 +/- 280 vs. delta 590 +/- 155 pg/ml), epinephrine (delta 2,293 +/- 994 vs. delta 385 +/- 186 pg/ml), cortisol (delta 6.7 +/- 2.2 vs. delta 2.1 +/- 1.0 micrograms/dl) and lactate (delta 12.1 +/- 2.2 vs. delta 4.2 +/- 1.8 mg/dl) after 90 min. Immunoreactive insulin and free fatty acids were similar in both groups. In conclusion, exercise with a 25% hematocrit reduction results in 1) elevated lactate, norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol, and IRG levels, 2) an increased Ra which is likely related to the increased counterregulatory response, and 3) we speculate that a near fourfold increase in MCR is related to metabolic changes due to hypoxia in working muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of hematocrit reduction on hormonal and metabolic responses to exercise. 388 22

Insulin and glucagon secretion were studied during an oral glucose tolerance test and arginine infusion in 11 patients with thalassaemia intermedia, who showed laboratory evidence of iron overload. Mean blood glucose concentrations in patients with thalassaemia intermedia were significantly higher than normal and 3 of 11 patients had impaired glucose tolerance. The principal abnormality appears to be a deficiency in insulin and glucagon from the pancreas in response to oral glucose tolerance and arginine stimulation tests. Several factors, such as iron overload, chronic hypoxia, zinc deficiency and increased catecholamine production secondary to anaemia, might play a part in the pathogenesis of these abnormalities. Each of these factors affect individual cases to a varied degree. Our data emphasize the mildness of carbohydrate defect as compared to the degree of insulinopenia and indicate the necessity for prescribing measures which prevent excessive iron deposition and improve iron excretion in thalassaemic patients with iron overload.
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PMID:Alpha and beta cell evaluation in patients with thalassaemia intermedia and iron overload. 390 15

An autopsy confirmed, primary malignant APUDoma of the liver is described. Immunohistochemical methods demonstrated the presence of glucagon in some 20% of tumor cells. Clinically the 66 year old patient had presented with an abortive form of the glucagonoma syndrome with diabetes mellitus, anemia and profound weight loss.
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PMID:[Unusual abdominal apudomas. II. Immunohistochemical detection of glucagon in a primary apudoma of the liver]. 391 90

A 66 year old patient with diabetes had a necrolytic migratory erythema, weight loss and anaemia. Plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) of 2465 pmoles/l (normal 35 +/- 5 SEM pmoles/l) suggested the existence of a glucagonoma which was confirmed by arteriography and subsequently removed by surgery. Although plasma IRG returned to normal, glucose tolerance and insulin secretion remained pathological. Plasma amino acid levels had been reduced but were corrected by surgery. Pancreatic polypeptide, however, 298 pmoles/l before was still 206 pmoles/l after the operation (normal 12-48 pmoles per litre). Column chromatography of plasma and tumor extracts showed quantitatively important IRG fractions with molecular weights above 9000 daltons, possibly precursors of glucagon. Beside a 50-fold IRG excess, the tumour concentrations of insulin and somatostatin were 4 to 150 times increased. By contrast, pancreatic polypeptide was present in normal amounts. Electron microscopic examination showed atypical A-cell granula and unusual abundance of mitochondria.
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PMID:In vitro and in vivo studies on glucagonoma tissue. 610 27

Although the features of the glucagonoma syndrome had been described in isolated reports since 1942, this potentially curable condition has only recently been adequately defined. In 1974, MALLINSON collected nine cases and described the association of a peculiar skin rash with glucagon-secreting tumors of the pancreas. The typical skin rash, necrolytic migratory erythema, is accompanied by other disturbances including weight loss, anaemia, glossitis, cheilitis angularis, psychiatric symptoms. Diabetes is not a prominent feature, and the impairment of glucose tolerance can indeed be very slight. Up to 1979, about 50 cases have been reported. More than half of these patients had malignant tumors. The authors report on a 67-year-old man in whom a glucagonoma in the tail of the pancreas has been resected with apparent cure. The almost complete disappearance of the skin rash within three weeks of extirpation of the tumor has been most impressive. In June 1979 a similar tumor has been operated by one of the authors in a 60-year-old man. In this instance the tumor was located in the pancreatic corpus and could be radically resected by left-sided pancreatectomy.
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PMID:[The glucagon syndrome]. 625 12

Gel fractionation of portal, arterial and peripheral plasma glucagon levels was performed before and after the successful removal of a glucagonoma. A 47 year old woman had symptoms of dermatitis, weight loss, anemia and diabetes mellitus over a 16 year period. Removal of the alpha-cell tumor corrected all of her symptoms. Gel filtration of portal, arterial and peripheral blood showed two peaks of glucagon radioimmunoassay activity, a higher molecular weight glucagon with a molecular weight of 9,000 and a 3,500 dalton glucagon. Five minutes after tumor removal, the higher molecular weight glucagon had disappeared completely from the arterial and peripheral blood but not from the portal vein.
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PMID:Pattern of immunoreactive glucagon in portal, arterial and peripheral plasma before and after removal of glucagonoma. 625 27

Glucagon-producing tumors of the pancreas are among the rarest forms of islet cell tumors. Two patients are described in whom the characteristic dermatitis, glucose intolerance, weight loss, and anemia of the glucagonoma syndrome were due to a metastasizing islet cell carcinoma. In both, removal of the primary tumor with a distal pancreatectomy brought marked relief of all clinical symptoms for 1- and 2-year periods. Because streptozocin, the usual chemotherapeutic agent for these tumors, is quite toxic and frequently unsuccessful dimethyltriazenoimidazole carboximide (DTIC) was used for recurrence after operation. The first patient began taking DTIC when his rash reappeared and his immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) level rose to 6,000 pg/ml (normal, less than 200 pg/ml). Within 3 months, his rash was gone, and IRG level was 75 pg/ml. The second patient developed a neoplastic gastrocolic fistula and was extremely emaciated. With DTIC, the fistula healed, and he gained weight and returned to work. His IRG level has decreased from 2,975 to 200 pg/ml. No side-effects were noted during chemotherapy. Temporary palliation of malignant glucagon-producing neoplasms can be achieved by cytoreductive surgery. When the life-threatening symptoms of this syndrome recur, DTIC chemotherapy seems indicated because of its safety and effectiveness.
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PMID:Operative and chemotherapeutic management of malignant glucagon-producing tumors. 626 42

A 60-year-old patient developed signs and symptoms of glucagonoma syndrome (dermatitis, weight loss, anemia and hypoaminoacidemia). However, diabetes mellitus was absent. Glucagonoma was suspected because of markedly elevated plasma glucagon levels and the tumor was subsequently removed by surgery. Acidethanol extraction of the tumor and immunohistochemistry provided evidence of the presence of all four islet hormones, particularly that of glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide and to a lesser extent of somatostatin and insulin. Immunohistochemistry of the tumor (but not plasma) also showed the presence of alpha-HCG. Plasma glucagon immunoreactivity consisted to a large extent (approx. 90%) of a high molecular form of glucagon, probably proglucagon. In spite of the presence of alpha-HCG - which is assumed to be a marker of malignancy - the patient has been free of recurrence for the 2 1/2 years since surgery. The increasing number of cases reported during the past few years demonstrates that the syndrome is more common than previously suspected. Glucagon secretion and its typical clinical picture may be a valuable marker of a multihormonal pancreatic tumor. In a case of suspected glucagonoma, diagnosis can be established simply by obtaining a plasma glucagon level measurement.
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PMID:[Glucagonoma syndrome in a multihormonal pancreatic tumor]. 628 78


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