Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01275 (glucagon)
 26,492 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A total of 44 extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas comprising 13 well-differentiated adenocarcinomas, 25 moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas, and 6 poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas were examined histologically and immunohistochemically for somatostatin, gastrin, and glicentin. Argyrophil cells, argentaffin cells, and somatostatin- and gastrin-immunoreactive cells within the tumor were detected in 46.2%, 15.4%, 23.1%, and 15.4% of well-differentiated adenocarcinomas, and in 16.0%, 8.0%, 12.0%, and 4.0% of moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas, respectively. No tumor tissues of poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas contained endocrine cells. A statistically significant difference in the frequency of argyrophil cells was observed between well and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The incidence of argyrophil cells and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in nonneoplastic mucosa adjacent to well-differentiated adenocarcinoma was higher than in that adjacent to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Glicentin-immunoreactive cells could not be demonstrated either in tumor tissue or in nonneoplastic mucosa of the extrahepatic bile duct. With reference to the histogenesis of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, it was assumed from these results that the development of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma might be closely related to the occurrence of endocrine cells and that poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma might develop from ordinary mucosa.
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PMID:Endocrine cells in extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. 615 Sep 39

The sequential changes in lipid metabolism during tumor growth were evaluated in inbred Lewis rats bearing a mammary adenocarcinoma (AC33). Serum lipids, insulin, glucagon, and liver and adipose tissue lipogenic enzymes were measured in tumor-bearing and control rats after 6, 12, 18, 24, and 32 days of tumor growth. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in heart, soleus muscle, and epididymal fat pads was also determined. On the sixth day, the activity of LPL was reduced in the adipose tissue and remained lower throughout the duration of the experiment. Serum triglycerides were elevated from the 12th day followed by an increase in free fatty acid levels from the 18th day of tumor growth. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in serum insulin levels in the tumor-bearing rats from Day 12. The presence of the tumor also decreased the activities of some of the lipogenic enzymes in liver and adipose tissue, but these changes occurred at the later time points. On the 24th day, a decrease in fat pad weights was found and characterized by a decrease in fat cell size but not in fat cell number. These results suggest that a defect in clearance, due to the decrease in the activity of adipose tissue LPL, may be responsible for the early development of hypertriglyceridemia during tumor growth. In this study, the alterations in the lipogenic enzymes and LPL cannot be attributed to reduced food intake but may be due to the direct or an indirect effect of the tumor on a hormone such as insulin.
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PMID:Sequential changes in the activities of lipoprotein lipase and lipogenic enzymes during tumor growth in rats. 638 47

Urachal adenocarcinoma, normal urachus, and urinary bladder were studied by histochemical methods and electron microscopy. Many argyrophil cells were found in urachal adenocarcinoma and urachal epithelium. Autofluorescence and immunoperoxidase examinations showed that the argyrophil cells possessed serotonin, glucagon, and secretin. Some of the carcinoma cells and urachal epithelial cells contained fairly large amount of mucosubstances. On the other hand, only a few argyrophil cells and very weakly PAS positive cells were observed in the urinary bladder mucosa. This study showed that there were close similarities in the histochemical and electron microscopical features between the urachal carcinoma and urachal epithelium, and suggested that the undifferentiated stem cells were able to differentiate to both glandular and endocrine cells.
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PMID:Argyrophil cells in the urachal epithelium and urachal adenocarcinoma. 639 Oct 81

Glicentin-containing cells (Glic. cells) in intestinal metaplasia, adenoma and carcinoma of the stomach were examined using immuno-histochemical techniques. Glic. cells first occurred in the gastric mucosa of the transitional area between metaplastic and intact gastric glands. They frequently showed hyperplasia or micronoduli in the budding area of the deeper metaplastic glands, but in completely intestinalized mucosa these endocrine cells decreased remarkably. Gastric adenomas with mild dysplasia had a good number of glicentin-immunoreactive cells which were located in the deeper adenoma glands. Gastrin- and somatostatin-positive cells were also detected in the adenomas. The incidence of glicentin-positive tumor cells was significantly higher in well differentiated adenocarcinoma than in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Among the seven cases of scirrhous argyrophil cell carcinoma, three showed glicentin- and glucagon-immunoreactivity in the same area of the tumor. These findings suggest that the selective increase of Glic. cells in intestinal metaplasia may be closely related to the development of gastric adenoma. Glicentin positive tumor cells in gastric carcinomas can be regarded to be an expression of intestinal or fetal markers.
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PMID:Glicentin-containing cells in intestinal metaplasia, adenoma and carcinoma of the stomach. 643 45

A rare case with gastrin-producing carcinoid, adenocarcinoma and xanthoma of the stomach is presented. A 69-year-old male underwent total gastrectomy with splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy. The histological type of the carcinoid was poorly differentiated (type D), and argyrophil cell carcinoma. Immunoperoxidase staining of the carcinoid was positive for gastrin and negative for glucagon, somatostatin or insulin. The histological findings of the carcinoma were tub 2, medullary, INF alpha, se, ly 2, v 1, ow(-), aw(-), n 1. Histologically, the xanthoma consisted of foamy macrophages accumulated in the lamina propria.
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PMID:[Case of gastrin-producing carcinoid, adenocarcinoma and xanthoma of the stomach]. 664 67

A total of 30 inbred Wistar rats were orally administered 70 microgram/ml solution of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) for 35 weeks and then tap water for the following 20 to 30 weeks. Four of the 20 females and two of ten males developed carcinoids in the glandular stomach, but no metastasis could be found. Carcinoids developed most frequently in the fundic portion along the greater curvature. Histologically, these tumors were medullary anaplastic carcinomas containing two different endocrine cell populations. The first cell type was argentaffin having the electron-dense, somewhat pleomorphic secretory granules (437-810 nm) and the second type was argyrophil having round granules with a dense core and a pale halo (550 nm). None of these tumors showed endocrine immunoactivity for gastrin, somatostatin, insulin, glucagon, and enkephalin. One of these gastric tumors developed into scirrhous carcinoma, but differentiated adenocarcinoma could not be seen in the glandular stomach.
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PMID:Induction of carcinoids in the glandular stomach of rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. 724 Mar 40

In 21 cases of prostate adenocarcinoma and 4 cases of prostate hyperplasia, neuroendocrine (NE) cells were studied immunohistochemically with anti-chromogranin antibody. NE cells were detected in 8 cases (38.8%), in which 4 were found positive for serotonin and 2 for glucagon. 25 cases of prostatic specimens and 7 cases of nonprostatic adenocarcinomas were labelled with prostate-specific antigen (PSA). It was shown that expression of PSA was closely correlated with differentiation of prostatic adenocarcinomas. Reaction of PSA was stronger in well-moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma than in poorly differentiated one. For staining pattern, positive reaction of PSA was located in the apical border in well-moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, but in the cytoplasm and cell membrane in poorly differentiated one.
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PMID:[Immunohistochemical study of neuroendocrine cells and prostate-specific antigen in prostate carcinoma]. 752 41

Secretin is a gastrointestinal hormone responsible for the regulation of bicarbonate, potassium ion and enzyme secretion from the pancreas. A cDNA encoding the human secretin receptor was isolated from a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell-line cDNA library using polymerase chain reaction and library screening techniques. The cDNA isolated is 1717 bp in length encoding a 440 amino acid long polypeptide. Computer analysis of the receptor indicated that it is a member of the glucagon-VIP-secretin receptor family and is a G-protein coupled receptor containing seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains. The receptor was subsequently expressed in COS-7 cells and was able to bind specifically to human secretin with high affinity as indicated by the competitive displacement assay. The human secretin receptor was found to be functionally coupled to the stimulation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in the accumulation of intracellular cAMP in a dose-dependent manner. By Northern blot analysis, a 1.8 Kb mRNA was detected in human pancreas and intestine, while weak hybridization signals were detected in human colon, kidney and lung. Functional characterization of this receptor should enhance our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of human secretin, its structure-function, receptor interaction and receptor tissue distribution.
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PMID:Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a human secretin receptor. 761 8

The location of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoenzymes I, II and VI in normal and neoplastic pancreatic tissue was studied using polyclonal antisera and the immunoperoxidase technique. Samples were obtained from patients with well-differentiated (n = 4), moderately differentiated (n = 1) and poorly differentiated (n = 4) ductal adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma (n = 2), adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 1), acinar adenocarcinoma (n = 1), gastrinoma (n = 3), insulinoma (n = 3) and glucagonoma (n = 1). The control specimens were from a patient with traumatic laceration of the pancreas. The normal and malignant endocrine tissue showed intense positive staining for CA I localized in the cells expressing glucagon. In the exocrine pancreatic tissue, CA II was detected in the normal and neoplastic ductal epithelium. No specific staining was detected with anti-CA VI serum in either normal or malignant tissue.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical demonstration of the carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II in pancreatic tumours. 777 97

Neuroendocrine cells are thought to have a regulatory role in prostatic epithelial growth and may be prognostically useful in prostatic adenocarcinoma. To determine the extent of neuroendocrine differentiation in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), a putative precursor of cancer, we studied the immunohistochemical expression of 10 markers in 26 radical prostatectomy specimens with PIN and adenocarcinoma. Expression was measured as mean percent of positive cases and positive high-power (x40) fields. The highest percentage of cases showed immunoreactivity for serotonin (73%, PIN; 54%, carcinoma), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) (67%, PIN; 46%, carcinoma), chromogranin (62%, PIN; 65%, carcinoma), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (30%, PIN; 22%, carcinoma); the remaining markers showed immunoreactivity in fewer than 5% of cases (somatostatin, calcitonin, corticotropin) or in no cases (thyrotropin, prolactin, and glucagon). At least one of the markers was present in 88% of cases of PIN and 92% of carcinoma. Non-neoplastic epithelial cells expressed serotonin, NSE, chromogranin, and hCG in every case, and the expression was significantly greater than in PIN and cancer. Stepwise regression analysis revealed the following positive correlations: chromogranin expression in PIN and patient age, NSE expression in cancer and number of lymph node metastases, and hCG expression in cancer and percentage of Gleason pattern 5; serotonin expression in PIN and cancer did not correlate with any of the clinical and pathologic factors. Neuroendocrine differentiation is downregulated in prostatic carcinogenesis, with intermediate levels of expression in PIN compared with normal cells and carcinoma.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma. 797 47


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